<p>Founder&#39;s Hall was the first building built on the campus of Rockefeller University at 66th Street and York Avenue, in Manhattan, New York City. The building is now mainly used for school offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Founders Hall is located near the center of the campus of Rockefeller University on Manhattans Upper East Side, between the end of 66th Street and FDR Drive. It is a steel-framed five-story building, its exterior finished in gray brick with limestone trim. It has Classical Revival styling, with broad pilasters separating groups of window bays, and an entrance with a portico supported by Ionic columns. It was built in 1903 to a design by the architectural form Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge.</p><br>
<p>John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) amassed one of the greatest fortunes of the late 19th century in the oil business, from which he retired in 1897. His efforts at philanthropy were formally guided from 1891 by Frederick T. Gates, a Baptist minister who had previously (1889) recommended to Rockefeller that he establish the University of Chicago. Much of Rockefellers early philanthropy was on a comparatively small scale, and it was soon clear that larger-scale endeavors needed to be organized to properly guide his charitable giving. Gates suggested to Rockefeller that he establish a medical research institute that would be on a par with major European institutions of the period. In June 1902, Rockefeller made a commitment of $1 million to establish such an institute. In 1903 he purchased the former Schermerhorn estate, which is now the universitys core campus. Founder&#39;s Hall was one of the first three buildings on the campus, housing its principal research laboratories.</p><br>
<p>The Harry F. Sinclair House is a mansion at the southeast corner of East 79th Street and Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The house was built between 1897 and 1899. Over the first half of the 20th century, the house was successively the residence of businessmen Isaac D. Fletcher and Harry F. Sinclair, and then the descendants of Peter Stuyvesant, the last Director of New Netherland. The Ukrainian Institute of America acquired the home in 1955. After the house gradually fell into disrepair, the institute renovated the building in the 1990s. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places  and was named a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was designed in an eclectic French Renaissance style by C. P. H. Gilbert and built by foreman Harvey Murdock. The building largely retains its original design, except for a tankhouse on the roof. Gilbert and Murdock constructed the bulk of the house with brick, which was then faced with limestone ashlar. The northern facade on 79th Street, containing the main entrance, is characterized by multiple windows in square recesses or semi-elliptical and fully Gothic arches. The western facade on Fifth Avenue is symmetrical and dominated by a curved, projecting pavilion. The interior of the mansion comprises 27 rooms on six floors, for a total floor-space of 20,000 ft2. Critical reviews of the house&#39;s architecture over its history have been largely positive.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Harry F. Sinclair House is at 2 East 79th Street in the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is at the southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 79th Street, directly across from Central Park. The Sinclair House stands on a lot measuring 100 ft by 32.2 ft. The dimensions of the building itself are 96 ft, along East 79th Street, and 30 ft on Fifth Avenue. The Sinclair House abuts the James B. Duke House and Payne Whitney House immediately to the south. The building is surrounded by a lawn, sunk into the ground, that is itself enclosed by a wrought iron fence, broken only by a stair and balustrade approaching the main entrance, on the north side.</p><br>
<p>The city block between Fifth Avenue, Madison Avenue, and 78th and 79th Streets was part of the Lenox family farm until 1877, when Marcellus Hartley bought the block for $420,000. The railroad magnate Henry H. Cook acquired the site for $500,000 in 1880. Cook intended the block to house first-class residences, not high-rises, and only sold lots for the construction of private dwellings. By the early 1910s, the value of the land had increased to $6 million. Through the early 2000s, the block of Fifth Avenue remained largely intact, compared to other parts of Fifth Avenues "Millionaires Row".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Private residence</h3><br>
<p>Isaac D. Fletcher was an industrialist and art collector during the late 19th century, who was the president of the New York Coal Tar Company and the Barrett Manufacturing Company. Fletcher purchased a land lot at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 79th Street from Henry H. Cook for $200,000 in 1897. Fletcher, who was planning a house on the block, hired architect C. P. H. Gilbert to design the abode. At the time, Fletcher resided at the Astoria Hotel. The new house&#39;s design so impressed Fletcher that he commissioned a painting of the finished residence from Jean-François Raffaëlli in 1899. Construction was undertaken by stonemason Harvey Murdock and was completed in 1899 at a total cost of $200,000. After taking ownership of the house, the Fletcher family moved their large art collection there, including paintings by Jacques-Louis David, Thomas Gainsborough, Rembrandt van Rijn, Joshua Reynolds, and Peter Paul Rubens.</p><br>
<p>Fletcher died at the house in 1917, and in his will bequeathed the property to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum also received the house&#39;s collection of 251 paintings. The museum sold the house the next year to oil magnate Harry F. Sinclair, who sold the house in 1930 to Augustus Stuyvesant Jr. and Anne van Horne Stuyvesant, the last direct descendants of Peter Stuyvesant, the final Dutch governor of New Netherland. The siblings resided in the mansion until their deaths in 1953 and 1938 respectively. A skylight above the staircase in the middle of the house was covered in the late 1940s.</p><br>
<h3>Ukrainian Institute</h3><br>
<p>The executors of the Stuyvesant estate sold the Sinclair House in 1954 to a group of investors, who sold it in 1955 to the Ukrainian Institute of America (UIA), a nonprofit founded by Ukrainian businessman William Dzus in 1948 to promote Ukrainian culture. The UIA&#39;s purchase of the Sinclair House gave the structure a "temporary reprieve" from demolition, as described by Newsday; at the time, several other mansions on Fifth Avenue were being demolished. The mortgage on the building was repaid in 1962.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as part of the Metropolitan Museum Historic District, a collection of 19th- and early 20th-century mansions around Fifth Avenue between 78th and 86th Streets. That June, the American Association for State and Local History filed paperwork with the National Park Service to nominate the Sinclair House for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The next year, on June 2, 1978, it was added to the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The UIA began repair work on the roof of the Sinclair House in late 1996 at an estimated cost of $250,000. In an interview with The New York Times that year, a member of the board described this work as an interim measure, as the building was in a poor state. At the time, the UIA was spending an estimated $150,000 annually on upkeep. During the renovation, one-fourth of the slate tiles were replaced and some drainage systems around the dormers were replaced. In November 2003, the US government made a matched grant of $270,000 to the UIA through the Save Americas Treasures initiative to cover the costs of modernizing the buildings electrical wiring and plumbing. The state government&#39;s Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation granted the UIA another $70,000 for restoration in June 2004. Because these were matched grants, the UIA was required to raise $340,000 on its own before accepting them. By July 2009, the UIA had completed improvements to the electrical wiring, installed a security system, replaced windows, and restored design elements. The skylight above the central stairs was also restored.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was one of several ornate residences on the south side of 79th Street, which had been undeveloped until the end of the 19th century. It was designed in an eclectic French Renaissance style by C. P. H. Gilbert, who built several other mansions along Fifth Avenue. The foreman, Harvey Murdock, was also prolific both in the construction of private residences in Manhattan and Brooklyn, and had worked with Gilbert several times prior to the Sinclair House. The only additions to the building since its construction – a tankhouse on the roof and concrete arches to support a new roof for the penthouse – were made by Gilbert in the 1920s. The mansion has a height of about 71 ft. An areaway, or dry moat, surrounds the mansion.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>Gilbert and Murdock constructed the bulk of the mansion with brick, which was then faced with limestone ashlar. The north facade is characterized by multiple windows, housed in either square recesses or semi-elliptical and fully Gothic arches, and adorned variously with colonettes, ogee arches, and foliate reliefs around the glass. The main entrance is a frontispiece, a staple of French Renaissance homes, placed just to the left of the facade&#39;s center. It is made up of a portal that contains six wrought iron and glass doors, all fashioned in the Gothic Revival style. Within the portal is a set of Renaissance Revival doors. On top of the portal is a balcony, in front of a second-story window in a rectangular recess embellished with hanging crockets. The balustrades flanking the entrance and the balcony above it are decorated with images of seahorses. A string course runs horizontally across the facade above the first story, and another string course runs above the second story. At the top of the facade are wall dormers, topped with pinnacles, upon a cornice that frames a mansard roof shingled in slate. At each corner on the cornice are small turrets ornamented with crockets and finials.</p><br>
<p>To the left, or east, of the entrance is a three-sided bay window rising from the basement to the third floor. On the first and second stories, the bay window is divided into two window panes at the center and one smaller pane on either side. There are carved panels underneath the second-story windows, giving the impression of a false parapet. Further left of the bay window is a copper conservatory in a corner recess. There is a recessed service entrance at the first story, under the conservatory. The service entrance consists of an ogee arch, a transom window with finials, and a false parapet above the entrance (a continuation of the parapet below the bay window).</p><br>
<p>The western elevation of the facade is symmetrical and dominated by a curved, projecting pavilion, rising from the basement to the cornice. Every floor on the project has three windows, which again mix square frames and elliptical arches. Belt courses run along the entire facade, separating the floors and terminating at the corners with sculpted gargoyle heads.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the Sinclair House comprises 27 rooms on six floors, for a total floor area of 20,000 ft2. The first three floors retain their original appearance, but not their original furnishings. At the center of the first floor is a reception hall or lobby which measures 33 by across. There are two bathrooms next to the lobby The reception hall separates the main entrance from the main staircase, the latter of which occupies the south wall. The grand staircase is designed in the Francis I style. Also on the first floor was a kitchen, a smaller and more enclosed staircase, and a pantry. Gilbert also added an elevator because, as he reasoned, a lift was a useful amenity within any house that cost more than $25,000. After the Ukrainian Institute took over the house, the westernmost room became a board room measuring 29 by. The eastern part of the house is used as a coat room, an office, and a service entrance leading to the secondary stairway.</p><br>
<p>The second floor is delineated into a ballroom and a dining hall. The ballroom (also the drawing room) occupied the western half of the house, and the dining room occupied the eastern half. The pantry connected with the dining room, and there was originally a dumbwaiter leading from the pantry to the basement. Although the second floor had three sinks for the service staff, it had no restroom for visitors when the mansion was used as a residence. After the Ukrainian Institute acquired the house, the western room became the concert hall, measuring 42 by across, and the eastern room became the chandelier room, measuring 23 by across. The pantry and a conservatory abut the chandelier&#39;s room. A stair landing measuring 22 by connects the concert hall and chandelier rooms.</p><br>
<p>The third floor has a library, master bedroom (originally Fletchers wifes room), and a dressing room. These spaces are connected by a hallway running through the southern half of the house, which also connects with the stairs. The library is located at the western end of the house, and there is an oval music room at the center. The library measures 31 by across and is accessed via an entryway leading to the central hallway. To the northeast of the library is a small room used as a bar, which in turn leads to the oval room. The oval room measures 23 by across and occupies the center of the northern half of the third floor. Mrs. Fletcher&#39;s room was the easternmost room. The east room measures 23 by across and connects with a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>The fourth floor was formerly occupied by Fletchers bedroom and guest rooms. There was also a den overlooking Central Park, as well as a sewing room, on that story. The fourth story is exhibit space but still contains two original marble bathtubs. The top two floors, within the mansard roof, have been transformed from servants quarters into office space for the UIA&#39;s staff.</p><br>
<h2>Critical reception</h2><br>
<p>An 1899 article in the Real Estate Record and Guide generally praised the composition of the Sinclair House but noted that it had a rather ecclesiastical appearance and did not much resemble other, then-contemporary New York manors. Two years later, however, the same magazine characterized the house as being part of "the two best-developed blocks on upper Fifth Avenue", namely between 77th and 79th Streets, and by 1918 the magazine described the house as "one of the finest on the avenue".</p><br>
<p>John Strausbaugh, writing for The New York Times in 2007, described the Sinclair House as a "fairy-tale palace". The 2010 AIA Guide to New York City characterized the house as "a miniature French-Gothic chateau squeezed into the urban context". Architectural historian Andrew Dolkart said of the Sinclair House in 2020, "The corner chateau, for example, both fits in and stands out." He praised the "whimsical details", including what he described as "the carved dragon fish in the railings and those figures in funny hats holding up the windows".</p><br>
<p>The Matthew Henson Residence is a historic apartment residence at 246 West 150th Street in Manhattan, New York City. Apartment 3F in this building is where Matthew Henson , the African American polar explorer, lived from 1929 until his death. Henson was arguably the first man to reach the Geographic North Pole, a feat that is disputed in part by his own diary. His residence was named a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>246 West 150th Street is located in Harlem, Manhattan, on the south side of the street east of Frederick Douglass Boulevard. It is part of the Dunbar Apartments complex, an innovative tenant-owned cooperative housing complex erected in the 1920s. Its residents over the decades have included a significant number of African Americans important to culture and society. Apartment 3F was occupied by Matthew Henson from 1929 until his death in 1955.</p><br>
<p>Matthew Henson was born in 1866 to free people of color in Maryland. He met Commander Robert E. Peary in 1887, who hired him for exploratory expeditions after learning of seagoing experiences he had as a teenager. Henson became an indispensable figure in the expeditions Peary led into the Arctic Ocean, assisting with the planning and logistics, as a translator with the local Inuit, and frequently as a groundbreaker in the partys movements. In 1909, as he was assigned the task of breaking trail in Pearys bid to reach the Geographic North Pole. The expedition claimed success in this attempt, although later analysis (based in part on descriptions contained in Henson&#39;s diary) of the available evidence suggests they actually fell short of the objective. Although Henson was denied the accolades showered upon Peary after the expedition, he was eventually honored with membership in The Explorers Club in 1937, and was lauded within the African-American community for his achievement, and has since been recognized at both national and state levels. A plaque marking his achievements is located outside one of the Dunbar building entrances.</p><br>
<p>The Reformed Church of Shawangunk is located along Hoagerburgh Road in the Bruynswick section of the Town of Shawangunk, Ulster County, New York, United States. Perched above the Shawangunk Kill, it enjoys a splendid view of the nearby Shawangunk Ridge. Built between 1752–55, it is the oldest building in continuous use among American congregations of the Dutch Reformed Church.</p><br>
<p>It is on the National Register of Historic Places, and has played a role in the development of the larger Reformed Church in the USA through some church leaders who began their careers there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There has been a congregation in the area since 1736, when five baptisms were recorded. The Dutch, German and Huguenot settlers of the region went to Kingston to handle their religious affairs, but eventually the local population grew large enough that they desired a church closer to home. So, in 1751, Isaac Hasbrouck bought six acres (2.4 ha) on which to build a church.</p><br>
<p>After the current parsonage across the road was built, construction began on the church itself the following year when subscribers put up the money in return for pews. Legend has it the workers had to first put up wooden stockades to fend off hostile Indian attacks. The adjacent Bruynswick Rural Cemetery, no longer owned by the congregation, saw its first burials that year, and the congregation was formally organized in 1753, with the Rev. Barent Vrooman serving as the first pastor. He left after a year to be replaced by Johannes Goetschius in 1760.</p><br>
<p>On December 26, 1755, the pews were sold and the completed church formally opened. Goetschius served until his death in 1771 and was buried in the church, beneath what was then the pulpit. The building underwent its first serious renovations in the late 1790s, when the interior was rotated. The west windows became the doors and the pulpit was moved to the east wall, followed by a corresponding change in the orientation of the pews, and the parsonage&#39;s second story completed.</p><br>
<p>In 1833-34 the five front columns were added, in the then-popular Greek Revival style, to protect the doors. The original south entrance was finally sealed in 1881.</p><br>
<p>A third building, a church hall to the west, was added to the church complex in 1916. It received a wing for modern kitchen and bathroom functions in 1958, and another one to meet space needs in 1990. In 1982 the building was listed on the National Register as "Reformed Church of Shawangunk Complex", reflecting the historic importance of all the buildings and the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>Five other local Dutch Reformed Church congregations have been split off from the Shawangunk Reformed Church: New Hurley, New Prospect, Guilford, Wallkill and Gardiner. The New Hurley church is also on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Two former pastors of the church have become President of the Reformed Church in America: Ryniew Van Nest in the late 18th century and Charles Scott a century later. Scott left Shawangunk to accept a professorship at Hope College in Holland, Michigan; he would eventually serve as church president from 1881-92. He is buried in the church&#39;s cemetery.</p><br>
<p>John Van Vleck, a former congregant who became a minister himself, helped establish Hopes forerunner, Holland Academy. Van Vleck Hall on campus is named for him. Abraham Wilson, another former pastor, left to fill the same position for the Reformed Church in Fairfield, Illinois, the churchs first congregation in what was then known as the West, in 1837.</p><br>
<p>At least 143 men from the congregation fought in the Revolutionary War. Of those, 43 are buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Paramount Theatre in Asbury Park, New Jersey, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, is co-located with the Asbury Park Convention Hall on the boardwalk along the Atlantic Ocean. The two are connected by an arcade that spans the boardwalk, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and Bradley Park on the west. A statue of Asbury Park founder James A. Bradley faces the buildings west facade.</p><br>
<p>The theatre has undergone recent renovations by Landmark Studio of Pittstown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1916, Asbury Park Mayor Clarence E.F. Hetrick hired famed architectural firm McKim, Mead and White to design a convention center for the block just north of the citys Atlantic Square, between 6th and Sunset Avenues. The firm submitted a plan that called for a 5000-seat venue costing $75,000 to construct. However, city founder James A. Bradley owned the block in question, then home to the aging Asbury Park Auditorium, and refused to sell the plot to the city. After Bradleys death in 1921, department store scion Arthur Steinbach purchased the Auditorium property from Bradley&#39;s estate, demolished the auditorium, and constructed the Berkeley-Carteret Hotel on the plot.</p><br>
<p>The completion of the third Madison Square Garden in New York, and the approval of Atlantic City&#39;s new Convention Hall, put Hetrick under considerable pressure to construct a similar venue for Asbury Park. "While we have hesitated, Atlantic City has added $100,000,000 in valuations," he told the Asbury Park Press. "While the Traymores and Breakers and other imposing structures have been built over a period of 25 years, we can show only the Monterey, the Berkeley-Carteret, the Asbury-Carlton and the Palace (referring to four then-new seasonal hotels in the resort city)."</p><br>
<p>In 1927, after a mysterious fire destroyed the 5th Avenue Arcade just east of Atlantic Square on the Boardwalk, voters passed a bond referendum to construct a new convention center on the plot. Hetrick commissioned architects Warren and Wetmore, whose eventual design called for a 1600-seat theatre to occupy the old 5th Avenue Arcade plot. The theatre was connected to an enclosed arcade that covered the boardwalk. This arcade was connected on the east to a 3200-seat convention center. The entire complex was designed in a combination Italian-French style, with an emphasis on nautical themes in recognition of its oceanfront location. The interior of the theatre was dominated by gold, black, and purple, and featured a giant rosette on the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Walter Reade, who owned four other theatres in Asbury Park, initially protested the new theatres construction, saying five theaters were one too many for the town. However, just prior to the theatres completion, he was given the contract to book movies at the venue. As part of a deal Reade brokered with film distributor Paramount-Famous Players–Lasky, the new theatre was named the Paramount Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Reade inaugurated cinema at the theatre with a showing of the 1927 film Wings on New Year&#39;s Day, 1930. However, he decided to hold a much more spectacular "grand opening" of the theatre on July 11, 1930, with a second showing of Wings. In attendance were Wings leading man Charles "Buddy" Rogers, the Marx Brothers, Ginger Rogers, Ed Wynn, Fredric March, and Carole Lombard. The theatre featured a mix of movies and live performances from 1930 into the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The 1,600-seat theatre was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Premier Theatre Company was the resident theatre company for the Paramount Theatre from 2007 - 2015. Premier has been honored by The United States House of Representatives, New Jersey State Senate and Assembly, The City of Asbury Park, and The Asbury Park Chamber of Commerce for their contributions to the revitalization of the City of Asbury Park.</p><br>
<p>The theater is also the site for the annual Holy Cross celebration, hosted by the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of New Jersey. The divine liturgy services are held inside the theater, given by all the priests in every single New Jersey Greek Orthodox Church. Then, all members of the New Jersey Greek Orthodox Youth Association (aka GOYA) who are participating in the diving for the cross event go out to the beach and retrieve the cross in the ocean. It is held the third Sunday in September.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of San Agustin  is the seat of the Catholic Diocese of Laredo, Texas. It is located at 201 San Agustin Avenue in the heart of the downtown area in the San Agustin Historical District. The present church building dates from 1872. The bishop is James Anthony Tamayo. As of 2000, the cathedral was the mother church for 289,415 Catholics in the diocese.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Villa de San Agustin de Laredo was established in 1755. Its founding residents wanted a Catholic church for a place of worship. The Bishop of Guadalajara, Francisco de San Buena Ventura, ordered the construction of a small mission chapel in 1760 which was the only place of worship until 1778. In 1778, the first stone structure was erected to accommodate more than two hundred families. In 1789, San Agustin was established as a parish by the Bishop of Guadalajara.</p><br>
<p>In 1848 Bishop John M. Odin of the Diocese of Galveston assigned several French priests to this part of his territory. Among them was Allophone Martin Souchon who in 1866 began the construction of the present church. San Agustin Church is a Gothic Revival structure with a five-story- 141 ft (43m) bell / clock tower. All the windows have the traditional Gothic shape with stained glass located between structural bays of its masonry walls. A French priest, Pierre Yves Keralum, was the designer and architect for this historical monument. The new church was opened on December 12, 1872.</p><br>
<p>From 1989 to 1994 the San Agustin Church Historical Preservation and Restoration Society carried out a US$675,000 restoration project. A new Blessed Sacrament Chapel was installed. The whole church was repaired and restored and a brick plaza was created along the front of the church.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 the Diocese of Laredo was established and the San Agustin Church was made its cathedral by order of Pope John Paul II.</p><br>
<p>Today, the San Agustin Cathedral is one of the oldest in the Southwest still standing. It is also the second tallest building in Laredo. The San Agustin de Laredo Historic District is in the National Register of Historical Places.</p><br>
<p>Pacific Biological Laboratories, abbreviated PBL, was a biological supply house that sold preserved animals and prepared specimen microscope slides, many of which were of maritime aquatic species, to schools, museums, and research institutions. It was located in a building on what is now Monterey&#39;s Cannery Row on Monterey Bay in Monterey County, California.</p><br>
<p>The building, activities, and business were fictionalized as "Western Biological Laboratory" by John Steinbeck in his novel Cannery Row, as was a character based on one of its founders, Ed Ricketts. After a 1936 fire Steinbeck invested in the laboratory and owned half its stock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The company was started by Ed Ricketts with his college roommate and business partner Albert Galigher in 1923. Originally located in Pacific Grove at 165 Fountain Avenue, the lab was moved to 740 Ocean View Avenue, Monterey, California, around January, 1930, where Ricketts became sole owner. Today, that location is 800 Cannery Row. As a result of marital problems between Ricketts and his first wife Anna, the lab served as Ricketts&#39;s home for some time beginning in 1936.</p><br>
<p>On November 25, 1936, a fire broke out at the Del Mar Cannery next to the lab (site of todays Monterey Bay Aquarium) and most of the contents of the laboratory were destroyed. Ricketts’ manuscript for Between Pacific Tides survived the fire as it had already been sent to Stanford University for publication. It was Steinbeck who saved the lab financially after the fire with the purchase of half the companys stock.</p><br>
<p>The onset of World War II led to the decline of the commercial operation of the lab. However, specimens collected and distributed by PBL remain in the collections of Museums throughout the United States, including the Field Museum in Chicago, the Smithsonian Institution, the California Academy of Sciences, the American Museum of Natural History, the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University and the Museum of Zoology at Lund University in Sweden.</p><br>
<p>The lab became a meeting place for intellectuals, artists, and writers, including Bruce Ariss, Joseph Campbell, Henry Miller, John Steinbeck, Lincoln Steffens, and Francis Whitaker.</p><br>
<h3>Catalog</h3><br>
<p>Ricketts produced his first scientific publication, a catalog of marine biological specimens recorded in photographs and drawings. Originally meant for advertisement it may well have been the first record of Monterey Bay intertidal species.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and legacy</h2><br>
<p>In 1949, a year after Ricketts&#39;s death, the Pacific Biological Laboratories building was sold to Yock Yee, a local grocer. High school literature teacher and jazz enthusiast Harlan Watkins began renting the Pacific Biological Laboratories building from Yock Yee and purchased it in 1956. In 1958, after Watkins had married and moved to Europe, friends of Watkins, including Frank Wright, Ed Haber, Joe Turner, Fred Fry and Ed Larsh, joined to purchase the building under the name “Pacific Biological Laboratories.” The building served as a weekly meeting place for club members, many of whom were prominent Monterey artists and writers. Founding club members also included nationally known cartoonists Hank Ketcham (creator of Dennis the Menace), Eldon Dedini and Gus Arriola. Several club members helped to start the Monterey Jazz Festival. The first festival was held in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Biological Laboratories club sold their building to the City of Monterey in December 1993 for $170,000; they retained access to the building until 2015. A seismic rehabilitation of the building was done in 1998. It was restored by the Cannery Row Foundation which was given the Governor&#39;s Award for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>On May 14, 1997, the 100th anniversary of Ricketts&#39; birth, a commemorative plaque was placed on the 165 Fountain Avenue location by the Pacific Grove Heritage Society and the Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History Association. The Pacific Biological Laboratories is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Monthly tours are offered through the City of Monterey.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town Cemetery is located in the city of Newburgh, New York, behind Calvary Presbyterian Church on South Street. It was established in 1713 by Palatine German refugees from the Rhineland-Palatinate who were transported from England in 1710 and settled on the site of the present city of Newburgh. The cemetery is within a section of the city known as the Glebe, a 500-acre  grant made by Queen Anne to provide for a schoolmaster and clergyman for these German families.</p><br>
<p>There are an estimated 1,700 burials in the cemetery, although there may at one time have been 2,500. Thirteen hundred headstones survive today; the earliest date of death still legible is 1759. Among the noteworthy persons are congressmen Jonathan Fisk and Thomas McKissock.</p><br>
<p>The mausoleum of ship Capt. Henry Robinson, his wife Ann Buchan Robinson, and their two daughters, Sarah Robinson and Mary Robinson Benkard is architecturally distinctive. It was built in 1853, possibly by Alexander Jackson Davis, whose most notable work in Newburgh, the Dutch Reformed Church, stands a few blocks away. It is believed to be the only Egyptian Revival tomb to feature both a mastaba and a pyramid. It was overgrown and fell into disrepair until a 1999 restoration.</p><br>
<p>An interesting memorial marker here is the one for Archibald Wiseman and two of his young children by his wife, Susan Clyde, located at gravesite 1-140. Somewhat of a mystery is the inscription on the marker that reports that he died at sea on May 9, 1853. His widow Susan remarried in 1860 to a James McCord, a leather tanner and apparently unrelated to the McCord family of brush manufacturers in Newburgh, and she and McCord are last recorded in the 1880 Census at the home of her son, David Clyde Wiseman (who suffered from consumption) and his daughter Mary, who married in about 1869. Mary was the only daughter of James McCord by an earlier marriage. Susan and James&#39; later fate after 1880 is unknown as of June 2011.</p><br>
<p>In 1803 New York amended the law governing the Glebe, and later an Old Town Cemetery Commission was created by the city. It consists of five members, three of them serving ex officio: the city&#39;s mayor, the local superintendent of schools and the pastor of Calvary Presbyterian Church. The other two members are appointed by the city council. Currently those are John McCormick and Gerardo Sanchez, whose company restored the Robinson Mausoleum.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Bridge refers to three different bridges in Madison County, in the USA state of Iowa. The original Cedar Covered Bridge was built in 1883, moved in 1921, and was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The bridge was filmed in the 1995 movie The Bridges of Madison County and destroyed by arson in 2002. The second covered Cedar Bridge was built in 2004. This second bridge was destroyed by arsonists in 2017. The bridge was again rebuilt in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>The original Cedar Covered Bridge</h2><br>
<p>Cedar Covered Bridge was built in 1883 by Harvey P. Jones at a location north of Winterset over Cedar Creek which is now USA 169. It was 78 ft long. The bridge was moved in 1921 to the current location over Cedar Creek. A picture of this bridge is on the cover of the novel The Bridges of Madison County. It was renovated in 1998. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>This bridge was destroyed by arson on September 3, 2002. It was taken off the National Register of Historic Places on October 18, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>New Cedar Covered Bridge</h2><br>
<p>A replacement bridge was built to the same plans and specifications as the original and using authentic materials and techniques. It reopened during October, 2004. On April 15, 2017, the new bridge was again destroyed by fire. As of April 19, 2017, Joel Davis, 18, of Norwalk, and Alexander Hoff, 17, of West Des Moines, were both arrested and charged with first-degree arson. The 17-year-old will be tried as an adult. A third person, Alivia Marie Bergmann, 19, of Des Moines, was arrested and charged with second-degree arson in May 2017.</p><br>
<p>In April 2018, Joel Davis was sentenced to 5 years probation, a $1,000 fine, court costs, and restitution for the burned bridge. Alexander Hoff received five years of probation and a suspended 10-year prison sentence. Alivia Bergmann pleaded guilty to second-degree arson and was sentenced to 5 years probation and bridge restitution.</p><br>
<p>The city again rebuilt the bridge and reopened it during the annual "Covered Bridge Festival" in October 2019.</p><br>
<p>Holliwell Bridge is a wooden covered bridge in Madison County, Iowa. It was built over the Middle River in 1880 by Benton Jones.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is no longer in use, but was renovated and restored in 1995 at a cost of $225,000 ($ today). It is featured in the film The Bridges of Madison County. The Holliwell Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Phil Hoffman House is a house at 807 High Avenue East in Oskaloosa, Iowa. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>It was originally built in 1920 by Phil Hoffman, publisher of the Oskaloosa Herald. The architect was Frank E. Wetherell, who designed several other notable structures in and around Oskaloosa, including the bandstand located in the center of the town square. Wetherell was prominent statewide as an architect known for public buildings, residences, and urban planning. At least 44 extant properties in Oskaloosa are attributed to Wetherell.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Robert Walter Johnson House and Tennis Court is a historic home and tennis court in Lynchburg, Virginia, USA, that was built in 1911 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It is located in the Pierce Street Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frank Trigg (c. 1850–1933), a black educator and college president, lived in the house until his death.</p><br>
<p>Robert Walter Johnson (1899–1971) was a Lynchburg physician, and the first minority doctor in the entire city to be granted practice rights at the Lynchburg General Hospital. In addition to his work, Johnson was a successful trainer for promising African-American tennis players. His American Foursquare style home, built in 1911, includes an adjacent tennis court on the lot next door.</p><br>
<p>A successful college athlete, Johnson used his athletic skill and personal funds to found the Junior Development Program of the American Tennis Association during the 1950s. Stressing sportsmanship and discipline, Johnson trained stars such as Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe, the first African-Americans to ever win at Wimbledon.</p><br>
<p>The house was also offered as lodging to distinguished African-Americans passing through the city, as blacks were usually denied occupancy from hotels. Guests included the famed Duke Ellington, Jackie Robinson, Lionel Hampton, and Roy Campanella.</p><br>
<p>The red clay tennis court where Ashe and Gibson mastered their art was last used in 1971, after which it became buried under grass with the net posts protruding to show where the court was. In May 2018, a new green clay court was installed and dedicated on the site.</p><br>
<p>Despite being on the National Register of Historic Places, the house has fallen into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>The Old City Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Lynchburg, Virginia. It is the oldest municipal  cemetery still in use today in the state of Virginia, and one of the oldest such burial grounds in the United States. Since the 1990s it has been operated as a history park and arboretum, in addition to being an active cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The exact number of interments in Old City Cemetery is unknown because of a lack of official records before 1914, but it is estimated that 18,000–20,000 people are at final rest there. They represent an unusually diverse cross-section of the local community, including founding fathers and mothers of the town, Confederate soldiers who died in military hospitals, African American tobacco factory laborers, European immigrants, paupers, and "strangers" who died passing through town.</p><br>
<p>Two-thirds of the burials in the cemetery are African American. It has been estimated that over 90% of Lynchburgs enslaved and free African American population are buried in the Old City Cemetery, the primary burial site for African Americans from 1806 to 1865. In fact, at that time it was the only burial ground, excluding private family graveyards, available to African Americans in the area. A notable burial is that of Ota Benga (c. 1883–1916), a Congolese pygmy exhibited at human zoos, although his remains may have been later moved to Lynchburgs White Rock Hill Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery&#39;s Confederate section contains the graves of over 2,200 soldiers from 14 states. Also interred at the cemetery is poet Bransford Vawter.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was established on land donated to the City of Lynchburg by city founder John Lynch. The original deed for the property states it shall be used as a public burying ground or for a house of worship—and for no other purpose whatsoever.</p><br>
<p>The 27 acre site includes four small historic house museums located inside the cemetery, which is cared for by the Southern Memorial Association.</p><br>
<p>Pest House Medical Museum, Lynchburg&#39;s first hospital</p><br>
<p>Hearse House and Caretakers&#39; Museum, museum about the cemetery and funerals</p><br>
<p>Station House Museum, a reconstructed C&O Railway depot furnished as in World War I</p><br>
<p>Mourning Museum, museum about mourning customs, located inside the Cemetery Center</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also includes a non-denominational Chapel, built to commemorate the 200-year anniversary of the founding of Lynchburg&#39;s Old City Cemetery in 1806, and a Columbarium with niches and crypts for new burials below the Chapel.</p><br>
<p>The David Crawford House is a historic house located at 189 Montgomery Street in Newburgh, Orange County, New York. It currently serves as a museum, archive and headquarters for the Historical Society of Newburgh Bay and The Highlands.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The mansion could be described as a conjunction of the Greek Revival and late Federal-styles. It was built by David Crawford, who had made his fortune in Hudson River shipping in during the 1820s. Crawford was leased the land on March 8, 1830, by the Trustees of the Glebe, for a period of 900 years. With Eunice Watkins of Campbell Hall, he had four sons: David, Thomas, Samuel and James. The brothers and their mother succumbed to tuberculosis, and David ameliorated his health by accepting a job as a deputy sheriff in 1810. Frequent horseback-riding built up his immunity.</p><br>
<p>As the War of 1812 broke out, Crawford enlisted in the army and formed a volunteer company which relocated to New York Harbor. He became attached to an artillery regiment and eventually promoted to captain. After spending time in the harbor, he gained an understanding of shipping and maritime trade, becoming interested in their economic benefits.</p><br>
<p>In May 1822, David Crawford married Fanny C. Belknap, daughter of General Isaac Belknap. They had two daughters, Mary Elizabeth, called "Lib", and Anna. In 1825, he became involved in the building of a steamboat to freight goods from Newburgh to New York City. The steamer Baltimore, purchased during the winter of 1829–1830, began shipping from D. Crawford & Co.&#39;s wharf that spring.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Architrave trim of an elaborate design gives a flaunting impression, and carved laurel details in head blocks above the doors are seen consistently. The free-standing stairs have mahogany balusters and elegant brackets. A most curious detail of the staircase is the iconic newel post, a carved dolphin head. It is thought to be the work of a New York City furniture carver or Massachusetts ship figurehead maker.</p><br>
<p>The doors of the upstairs floor, and most on the main floor, are pine, painted with faux bois.</p><br>
<p>Perhaps the houses most imposing element is its large pediment, centered with a Palladian window, supported by four 40 ionic columns.</p><br>
<h3>Historical Society&#39;s Acquisition</h3><br>
<p>On October 3, 1953, the house was scheduled for a public auction. Many feared the nearby funeral home would purchase and demolish it to make room for a parking lot. On September 28, the Historical Society of Newburgh Bay & The Highlands decided to purchase the house. The Ossoli Club, Trustees of Washington&#39;s Headquarters and the Daughters of the American Revolution also contributed to the purchase as well as subsequent fundraising.</p><br>
<p>Period furniture was donated for the interior, including a Duncan Phyfe sofa. Senator Thomas C. Desmond donated a period knocker. An inlaid white holly table was donated by Mary Roe Zeigler, wife of Lee Woodward Zeigler.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in on September 27, 1972, The house also received a top-to-bottom paint job.</p><br>
<p>The Saitta House is a two-and-a-half-story, single-family Queen Anne style dwelling in the Dyker Heights section of Brooklyn, New York, United States.</p><br>
<p>It was completed ca. 1899 by architect John J. Petit and builder P.J. la Note for Beatrice and Simone Saitta (pronounced: sigh-eat-a). The home is located on the north side of 84th Street between Twelfth Avenue to the east and Eleventh Avenue to the west. The home reportedly cost $14,000 to build and the 8,000 ft&sup2; of land cost $2,700.</p><br>
<p>The Saitta House is significant in the area of architecture as a remarkably intact, high-style example of Queen Anne residential architecture, and for its association with the planning and development of Dyker Heights, a turn-of-the-20th-century suburban development in Brooklyn. No other house in Dyker Heights retains so much of its original architectural and structural components – both interior and exterior – as the Saitta House. The house was architect-designed for an affluent Dyker Heights family, and built ca. 1899 by craftsmen who came from Italy and lived on the premises during construction. Architect John J. Petit&#39;s work can be found elsewhere in Brooklyn, especially in the Prospect Park South Historic District (which is listed on National Register of Historic Places). The Saitta House was listed on both the State and National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Hurley Historic District encompasses the center of the hamlet of Hurley, the main settlement area of the town of Hurley, New York. Stretched along US 209, the hamlet includes one of the finest concentrations of colonial Dutch architecture in the United States. Settled by the Dutch in the 17th century, its architecture has retained the influence of that period. The village is also historically significant as a temporary home of the seat of New York government during the American Revolutionary War. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hurley is a small town located on the edge of the Catskill Mountains west of Kingston in the Hudson River Valley. Its main village lines both sides of US 209, which bisects the community, and extends along Wynkoop Road, Main Street and Hurley Mountain Road at the boundary of the Catskill Park. The village includes a collection of stone and frame structures, many dating from the 18th century. Ten of these are good examples of Dutch Colonial architecture, while the other buildings contribute to its ambience as an 18th-century village. Included in the historic district are the town cemetery, where its early settlers are buried, and the surrounding farmland.</p><br>
<p>Originally settled by the Dutch and called Nieuw Dorp ("New Village"), it came under English control soon thereafter although its inhabitants continued to speak Dutch and preserve other aspects of that culture for at least another century. Hurley is also historically important both for its role in the American Revolutionary War. The newly formed New York state government moved here for two months in late 1777 while Kingston was being rebuilt. The British Army had burned it in retaliation for the creation of the state there (Albany, New Yorks traditional capital, was under threat of attack by a large army led by General John Burgoyne). It is thus the second of the states three capital cities.</p><br>
<p>The Cedarock Historical Farm, located at Cedarock Park in Alamance County, North Carolina, provides an example of life on a farm in North Carolina during the 19th Century. Populated with farm animals, antique and replica farm equipment, and a farmhouse, the Historical Farm provides a fun, education stop while visiting Cedarock Park.</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses nine contributing buildings, one contributing site, and one contributing structure. They include the Greek Revival style G. W. Garrett House (c. 1835) with its full complement of farm outbuildings including a log kitchen; the Greek Revival style Curtis House (c. 1820); a 12-foot-high rock dam which may date to the early 19th century; the ruins of the rock foundation of the Huffman Mill, a water-powered grist mill (c. 1880) constructed on the</p><br>
<p>site of a brick antebellum cotton mill; and the Carney Post Office (c. 1893), a small one-story frame building.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Fort Naco, Camp Naco, or Fort Newell began as a camp in the Southwest United States, on the outskirts of Naco, Arizona as part of the Mexican Border Project. Over time adobe and wooden buildings were constructed to house the garrison along with other permanent structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Naco, others call it Camp Naco or Fort Newell, was one of the last forts built by the United States in continental territory and is the only remaining border fort out of several that were constructed during the Mexican Revolution. Soldiers were first stationed in Naco in November 1910 and remained in the community due to continued fighting across the border, including the Battle of Naco in 1913 and the later Siege of Naco in 1915 in Sonora. Subsequent to Pancho Villa’s attack on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916, Naco was a staging area for American troops protecting the border. Camp Naco was constructed in 1917 as part of the Mexican Border Project. It was the headquarters of the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Arizona National Guard.</p><br>
<p>Camp Naco was home to members of the USA Army 9th and 10th Cavalry and 25th Infantry. Fort Huachuca assigned African-American Buffalo Soldier units to its Naco Cantonment or outpost from 1911 to 1924. Their duties focused on patrolling the border and protecting USA citizens who came to Naco to watch Mexican Revolution battles raging across the line.</p><br>
<p>From 1935 to 1937, the Civilian Conservation Corps was based there.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the youth services organization VisionQuest bought the property with a plan to open a juvenile treatment facility there. They were not able to do that, and in 2006, an arson fire and the discovery of hazardous asbestos on the site prompted the group to abandon the project. George Nerhan, then mayor of Huachuca City, agreed to take the site over rather than having it be destroyed.</p><br>
<p>As of 2010, the barracks of the fort still stands and has partially been restored.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the site was acquired by the city of Bisbee.</p><br>
<p>More recently, grant funds have been used to clean up and preserve the site. The nonprofit group Friends of Camp Naco continues to look for a nonprofit organization or individual to take over the camp as a permanent project and adapt it for a future use. On May 4, 2022, Camp Naco was added to the of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>In October of 2022, the State of Arizona granted $4.6 million to the City of Bisbee for the purpose of reclaiming and restoring Camp Naco.</p><br>
<p>Washington Boulevard Historic District is a multi-block area of downtown Detroit, Michigan. It consists of structures facing Washington Boulevard between State and Clifford Streets. In 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It includes the Book-Cadillac Hotel, the Book Tower, the Industrial Building, and Detroit City Apartments among other architecturally significant buildings. Washington Boulevard is one of the citys main boulevards and part of Augustus Woodwards 1807-design for the city. Because Woodward&#39;s plan was never completed, the boulevard contains a sharp curve south of Michigan Avenue where it was connected to an existing street.</p><br>
<p>The street was broadened and ornamented in the early part of the 20th century. The development was inspired by the City Beautiful movement and financed by J. Burgess Book Jr. and designed by Louis Kamper. It was to resemble New York&#39;s Fifth Avenue and European boulevards. A sculpture lined park between two one-way streets decorated a shopping district and upscale residential neighborhood Edward H. Bennett, a well known master planner, turned Washington Boulevard into a Beaux-Arts streetscape.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, Washington Boulevard was redesigned with an urban pedestrian mall that included new sculptures and an amphitheater. It has since been restored to its original plan.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>This list below shows the information on the buildings located along Washington Boulevard. This list starts at the Detroit River (south end), and heads northbound, terminating at Grand Circus Park.</p><br>
<p>Camp Sheridan was established originally as the Post at Spotted Tail Indian Agency, near the Spotted Tail Agency in northwestern Nebraska in March 1874. In 1875, the garrison moved into permanent structures on the west fork of Beaver Creek, 12 miles upstream from the White River, near Hay Springs, Nebraska. The garrison, sometimes called Fort Sheridan, was abandoned seven years later in May 1881.</p><br>
<p>The Gallatin Gateway Inn is a Spanish-stucco style railroad hotel at Gallatin Gateway, Montana. The hotel is one of the "Historic Inns of America." The Gallatin Gateway Inn was opened on June 18, 1927. Constructed and operated by The Milwaukee Road , the luxury hotel was reached by electrified railroad branch line that connected to the Milwaukee&#39;s main line at Three Forks, Montana. It was among the first hotels in Montana with telephones in every room, and offered travelers access to Yellowstone National Park. Park buses took passengers from the hotel to the park.</p><br>
<p>It was the first hotel built and operated by the Milwaukee Road. The hotel was originally built to promote tourism on the Milwaukee Road&#39;s Olympian and Columbian passenger trains. The hotel was restored in the 1980s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 24, 1980, a month before the Milwaukee Road left the Northwestern United States.</p><br>
<p>Following a foreclosure in February 2013, the Inn was purchased and renovated by M&M Hospitality. In 2015 the building was leased to the Yellowstone Club to provide housing for Yellowstone Club, Spanish Peaks Mountain Club and Moonlight Basin employees.</p><br>
<p>Smith&#39;s Fort Plantation is a house and parcel of land located in Surry County, Virginia, United States. The current main house on the property, also known as the Faulcon House, dates from 1751. The house has been an example for numerous twentieth century reproductions. It is also known as Warren House and Rolfe-Warren House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation received its name because it was the location of Captain John Smith&#39;s "New Fort," built in 1609, located directly across the James River from the Jamestown colony. The fort was quickly abandoned due to dry rot and a rat infestation. The same land was later given by Chief Powhatan to John Rolfe as a dowry for the hand of Pocahontas when Rolfe and Pocahontas married. Archaeological surveys of the property have revealed that a number of structures have existed on the property and the present, restored main house was built by Jacob Faulcon in 1751.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The property and current house was acquired by Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) in 1933 after undergoing restoration funded by John D. Rockefeller Jr. It is currently open as a museum with furnishings from the late 16th through the early 18th centuries. The property serves as a host to the annual.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological investigations</h2><br>
<p>Smith wrote of this fort that it was "neere a convenient River upon high commanding hill, very hard to be assaulted an easie to be defended." The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquites maintains the site now, whose location matches Smiths description. Hume suggests that it makes sense that Smiths description of the fort as a "retreat," makes this site a likely spot for trading parties to seek refuge.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations over the site have been limited to the excavations of a ditch and a highly eroded rampart. Further archaeological work to determine if this site was indeed the site of Smiths fort would be necessary. Hume notes that this site does seem to be the site of Smiths fort because the construction type is very similar in nature to the types of earthworks built on Ronoake Island.</p><br>
<p>Apple River Fort, today known as the Apple River Fort State Historic Site, was one of many frontier forts hastily completed by settlers in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin following the onset of the 1832 Black Hawk War. Located in present-day Elizabeth, Illinois, United States, the fort at the Apple River settlement was built in less than a week. It was one of the few forts attacked during the war and the only one attacked by a band led by Black Hawk himself. At the Battle of Apple River Fort, a firefight of about an hour ensued, with Black Hawk&#39;s forces eventually withdrawing. The fort suffered one militia man killed in action, and another wounded. After the war, the fort stood until 1847, being occupied by squatters before being sold to a private property owner who dismantled the building.</p><br>
<p>Today, a replica of the fort stands next to the site of the original Apple River Fort. Constructed between 1996 and 1997 by a non-profit organization, the replica was based on earlier archaeological investigations of the site which revealed information about the layout and settlement at the fort. In 1997 the Apple River Fort Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2001 the state of Illinois took over operations of the site and designated it the Apple River Fort State Historic Site. Apple River Fort was one of numerous Illinois historic sites slated to close October 1, 2008, due to cuts in the Illinois budget by Governor Rod Blagojevich. After Blagojevich was impeached and removed from office, new Illinois Governor Pat Quinn reopened the site in May 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The earliest settlers in the vicinity of Apple River Fort, probably miners, likely arrived more than a decade before the forts construction. The miners settled the site and built log cabins around and near the Kelloggs Trail, a route from Galena to Dixon&#39;s Ferry; they obtained fresh water from a nearby spring.</p><br>
<h3>Black Hawk War background</h3><br>
<p>The fort&#39;s construction was motivated by the Black Hawk War, which was a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the Governor of the Indiana Territory and a council of leaders from the Sauk and Fox Native American tribes. The treaty, regarding land settlement, ceded 50 e6acre of Sauk and Fox land to the United States for $2,234.50 and an annual annuity of $1,000. The treaty was controversial, Sauk Chief Black Hawk, and others disputed its validity because they said that the full tribal councils were not consulted and the council that negotiated the treaty did not have the authority to cede land. The treaty also allowed the Sauk and Fox to remain on their land until it was sold.</p><br>
<p>After the discovery of lead in and around Galena, Illinois, during the 1820s, miners began moving into the area ceded in the 1804 treaty. When the Sauk and Fox returned from the winter hunt in 1829 they found their land occupied by white settlers and were forced to return west of the Mississippi River. After the first clash at Stillmans Run, construction at the Apple River Fort site advanced quickly. A number of other engagements followed, and the militias of Michigan Territory and Illinois were then mobilized to hunt down Black Hawks Band.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The Apple River Fort was constructed by the early settlers in the region in present-day Elizabeth, Illinois, for protection during the 1832 Black Hawk War. At the onset of the Black Hawk War, settlers in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois constructed a series of forts, stockades, and fortified homes; Apple River Fort was one of the forts erected after the Illinois Militias defeat at Stillmans Run on May 14. The Galenian newspaper reported that the blockhouse was finished on May 22, 1832, with the stockade completed several days later. A militia company was formed from among the local families and single men and boys. This unit elected local surveyor and land-owner Clack Stone, as captain and commander of the settlement&#39;s militia contingent. Relatively few contemporary descriptions of the fort exist. One of the more complete later descriptions—and the only one to mention the blockhouse in detail—is found in the 1878 post-Black Hawk War text The History of Jo Daviess County:</p><br>
<h3>Battle of Apple River Fort</h3><br>
<p>The fort was attacked by Black Hawk on the afternoon of June 24, 1832, by the Sauk warrior Black Hawk and a 200-man war-party. The fort was defended by about thirty men and boys, along with about 40 women children and infants. One man, a courier named Edmund Welch, was wounded in the hip early in the action. Though a firefight lasting about an hour ensued, the Illinois Militia at Apple River Fort suffered just one fatality, George W. Harkleroad, and one man wounded, Josiah Nutting. During the battle, several women rose to the occasion to aid in the defence of the fort. Elizabeth Armstrong was singled out for her bravery as she motivated the forts settlers, especially the women, to support the defenders. The number of casualties absorbed by Black Hawks force is unknown.</p><br>
<h3>After the war</h3><br>
<p>After the war ended, the fort remained standing into the 1840s; in the immediate aftermath of the war&#39;s conclusion the site was occupied by two squatters. In 1847 George Bainbridge purchased the land and the fort from the United States federal government. Bainbridge salvaged what logs were usable from the fort, dismantling it in the process, and used them to construct a barn on his property. The fort site remained relatively undisturbed in the ensuing years. In 1994 the non-profit Apple River Historical Foundation was organized and archaeological investigation was conducted in 1995. In June 1997 a reconstruction effort ended, and today a replica of the fort stands to the south of the original site, which remains undisturbed to preserve its archaeological integrity.</p><br>
<p>The state historic site at the Apple River Fort Site was set to close October 1, 2008, because of cuts in the Illinois Historic Preservation Agencys budget by Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich. Supporters of the historic site in Elizabeth, led by the Apple River Fort Foundation, appealed in protest to legislators and the governor against the closing, lamenting the economic impact the forts closing will have on the community. After delay, the proposal to close seven state parks and a dozen state historic sites, including Apple River Fort, went ahead on November 30, 2008. After the impeachment of Illinois Governor Blagojevich, new governor Pat Quinn reopened the closed state parks in February. In March 2009 Quinn announced he is committed to reopening the state historic sites by June 30, 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Archeology</h2><br>
<p>The Apple River Fort Historic Foundation began attempting to locate the original site of the fort in the spring of 1995. Local tales told of the fort being situated on a hill not far from Main Street in Elizabeth. The group, unable to determine the veracity of the tale, hired an archaeologist to determine the location of the old frontier fortification.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological digs and investigation at the site were led by Floyd Mansberger of Fever River Research, in consultation with the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, during the summer of 1995. The first portion of the investigation was an initial walkover of the site, which yielded some pre-Civil War artifacts. Subsequently, the research team "lightly disked" the site to perform a "controlled surface collection." The surface collection yielded a wide range of artifacts including different types of glass, ceramics, personal items, and small amounts of brick and stone structural materials. The items retrieved during the collection strongly suggested that occupation of the Apple River Fort site occurred during the early 19th century, probably not extending beyond 1860, and was short-term. The archeology at the site uncovered the original footprint of the fort, a smaller than estimated by area, and made significant contributions to the understanding of the nature of the early Apple River settlement.</p><br>
<p>The archaeologists&#39; efforts at the fort site allowed for the construction of a replica beginning in 1996. Volunteers built the fort, using the same tools and materials settlers would have used. Logs were stripped and split by hand, shingles were split by hand, and a trench dug to connect the two cabin replicas on the interior. The stockade walls were built using 14 and long logs. In addition, volunteers completed a blockhouse and firing stands with hand-hewn ladders.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>During the archaeological investigation at the site, Apple River Fort was found to display a nearly identical construction pattern to that of Fort Blue Mounds, another Black Hawk War frontier fort near present-day Blue Mounds, Wisconsin. The digs at Apple River uncovered a dozen original features of Apple River Fort. The remains of four cellars were found within the fort, one in southeast corner of the fort may have been used for food storage or as a dairy-processing pit. In the northwest corner of the fort, there were two more cellars, just west of one of the forts log buildings. The largest cellar was located beneath the forts blockhouse, in its southeast corner, and was used as a trash pit into the 1840s. The blockhouse cellar yielded the earliest archaeological material collected at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Apple River Fort played a role in the 1832 Black Hawk War, being one of the few forts that was attacked during the conflict, and the only fort attacked by a band led by Black Hawk himself. The site of the original fort still holds the potential to yield significant sub-surface archaeological artifacts and data.</p><br>
<p>Fossatis Delicatessen is the oldest deli in Texas and one of the oldest restaurants in the United States. Located in Victoria, Texas, Fossatis was opened in 1882 by Italian immigrant Fraschio  Napoleon Fossati. Fossatis was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 20, 1991. After over 130 years, Fossatis is still owned and operated by the same family.</p><br>
<p>Fossati had the current building constructed in 1895 and moved the deli from a nearby downtown location (actually, Fossati&#39;s had changed locations several times, and had, at one time or another, been on every corner of the square in downtown Victoria). The current building features double front doors with multi-light transoms.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, Fossatis has handled imported foods, groceries, and feed and has served as an important gathering place for Victorias citizens. In addition, many famous musicians have played at the deli, including country music legend Willie Nelson. The deli is often used for political functions as well. Most recently, Texas Governor Rick Perry held a campaign stop in Victoria on August 25, 2010.</p><br>
<p>In the back room of the deli, known as the Frank Napoleon room, there is a giant bookcase filled with hundreds of cookbooks, many of which have been out of print for 50+ years. Also inside, there is a trench-like area just above the floor surrounding the bar. This is where men used to spit tobacco. Outside of the building there are still metal rings where men used to tie up their horses and come in for a drink.</p><br>
<p>The Roger Butler House is a historic house located in Wethersfield, Connecticut. Built about 1769, it is a well-preserved example of Georgian architecture, its only principal alteration the Italianate entrance surround. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 15, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house stands on the north side of Jordan Lane, just east of its junction with Wolcott Hill Road. The Wilbur Cross Parkway passes on an embankment at the rear of the house, giving it a triangular lot. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney and a centered entrance. Porches, probably added in the mid-19th century, are on the east and back sides. The front entrance was at one time sheltered by an Italianate hood, but that has been removed; it now has a simpler Georgian surround with corniced entablature. The interior retains a nearly complete set of original flooring, woodwork, and door hardware.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1769, and remained in the hands of his descendants until 1954. The Butler family was long prominent in the area, its progenitor, Deacon Richard Butler, arriving in 1633. William Butler purchase the land this house stands on in 1767, and probably built this house two years later as a wedding gift for his son Roger. Local lore claims that the house was a stop on the Underground Railroad in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Judge Robert Lynn Batts House is a historic home in central Austin, Texas, United States. It was built 1924–1925 for Judge Robert Lynn Batts and his family. Over the course of several decades, Judge Batts served in the Texas House of Representatives, as assistant attorney general of Texas, and as a law professor at the University of Texas at Austin.</p><br>
<p>The -story home was built at the top of the hill overlooking Shoal Creek to the east. It is a part of the Old West Austin Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The home is located at 1505 Windsor Road. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Eastside Community Center, formerly the Catholic Holy Cross Church, is an historic building in Batavia, Illinois. It was built in 1897 to serve the Holy Cross congregation of Batavia, many of whom were Irish immigrants who came to work in local quarries. The building operated as a church until the 1990s, when the property was transferred to the Batavia Park District. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Col. Joseph Lyon moved to the area now known as Batavia, Illinois in 1834. He built the first schoolhouse in Kane County, which also served as the first building for organized religion in the county. Starting in the 1840s, Batavia became a major source of limestone for the Chicago region. Batavia was largely a Methodist settlement, due to large numbers of Swedish immigrants who came to work in the quarries. The first Catholic services were held in private homes in 1854. Led by Father Sullivan, the followers were mostly Irish immigrants. The Catholics took over a vacant church building for their services in 1870 and became the Holy Cross congregation. As the congregation grew in the late 19th century, they decided to construct a new building.</p><br>
<p>Milo Kemp owned the piece of property on which the church was built. Fr. George Henry Rathz oversaw the construction of the Gothic Revival building. Construction was slowed due to the Panic of 1896 and was dedicated on June 15, 1897. Upon completion, the size of the congregation was 300 people. James William Shannon, a member of the church and owner of Shannon Quarry, donated the limestone for the project and functioned as the main builder. Due to large contributions from volunteers, the church only cost $12,000 to build.</p><br>
<p>A small, one-story schoolhouse was added to the lot in 1960. In the 1980s, the congregation again needed a larger building to serve its needs. They purchased a 14 acre site and built the church that is now known as Holy Cross Catholic Church at 2300 Main Street. On April 27, 1996, the old building was transferred to the Batavia Park District and serves as the assembly hall of the Eastside Community Center. A corridor was added between the former church and the schoolhouse to facilitate travel between the two buildings in their new capacity. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 20, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The building is on a 165 by lot in a residential neighborhood three blocks east of the Fox River. The church itself is 58 by with an entrance facing the south. The nave is 48 by has been renamed Shannon Hall (for the builder). The north side of the building features a six-sided apse. The bell tower is in the southwest and rises 125 ft with a steeply pitched gable. A 10 foot window forms a quatrefoil surrounded with circles above the main door. The roof is covered with asbestos shingles.</p><br>
<p>SUNY Plaza, or the H. Carl McCall SUNY Building, formerly the Delaware & Hudson Railroad Company Building, is a public office building located at 353 Broadway at the intersection with State Street in downtown Albany, New York, United States. Locally the building is sometimes referred to as "The Castle" or "D&H Plaza&quot prior to the construction of the nearby Empire State Plaza it was simply "The Plaza". The central tower of the building is thirteen stories high and is capped by an 8 ft working weathervane that is a replica of Henry Hudson&#39;s Half Moon.</p><br>
<p>The State University of New York system is centrally administered from the building. The southern tower&#39;s four top floors were once the official residence of the Chancellor of SUNY.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 under the name Delaware and Hudson Railroad Company Building. In 1980, when the Downtown Albany Historic District was listed on the Register, it was included as a contributing property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building and the land it sits on, which is located at the foot of State Street along Broadway, have a varied history. The oldest part of the city, it was here that several of Albanys earliest city halls sat, along with the New York State Legislature in the 18th century. The Albany Plan of Union in 1754, presided over by Ben Franklin, was held here. The land was once along the Hudson Rivers banks, over time being infilled, including in 1911 as part of the construction of the Plaza. The city of Albany purchased and consolidated the land ownership that allowed the D&H to build the building and the city to have a park in front surrounded by a street that acted as a loop for the trolleys running on State Street. Public access was allowed to the Hudson River through the central tower and by way of a tunnel to the other side of the D&H tracks. The design by Marcus T. Reynolds was based on the Nieuwerk annex of the Cloth Hall in Ypres, Belgium.</p><br>
<p>Reynolds originally envisioned for the site a triangular park at the termination of State Street with a large L-shaped pier that would go north for three city blocks that would also support another park with a bandshell and docks for yachts and boats. That design would have cost $1 million and was opposed by neighborhood groups as too expensive and grand a design&#39; concerns were also expressed about the problems of railroad traffic. The idea of opening up the view of the waterfront to the public was considered unfeasible and undesirable at the time, as the river was full of commercial docks, wharves, warehouses, and railroads. A plan initiated by the Albany Chamber of Commerce &ndash; later published under the title Studies for Albany &ndash; decided upon a public park as a plaza surrounded by buildings that would screen the locomotive smoke, obnoxious odors and sights of the working waterfront from the vista of State Street.</p><br>
<p>The building was the corporate headquarters for the D&H Railroad. It was constructed in sections between 1914 and 1918. The central section, including the five-story block at the north end and the thirteen-story tower, connected by the long five-story diagonal wing, was built in 1914-15. Another five-story wing south of the central tower was constructed in 1915-1918; in 1916-1918 another separate but architecturally compatible and physically connected building was constructed to be the headquarters of the Albany Evening Journal newspaper. Another section, a warehouse at the north end, was later demolished.</p><br>
<p>William Barnes, editor of the Evening Journal, and the Republican boss of Albany</p><br>
<p>After the D&H and Evening Journal both abandoned the building it sat dormant until November 1972, when the State University of New York (SUNY) announced it would purchase the building as its first permanent home, having occupied One Commerce Plaza as a temporary headquarters since March of that year. SUNY purchased the building in 1973 and interior renovation and construction began that year; they relocated there in 1978. That same year SUNY Chancellor Clifton R. Wharton Jr. decided that the southern tower would house the chancellor&#39;s apartment. The total renovation of the Plaza cost $15 million. In 1977 the neighboring Federal Building was purchased and connected to the main building, becoming part of SUNY Plaza. William Hall Associates won the top Owens Corning Energy Conservation Award in the government category for their work in the renovation.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s facade was restored from 1996 to 2001; it was covered in scaffolding during the five years of the restoration.</p><br>
<p>On February 14, 2020, the building was renamed the H. Carl McCall SUNY Building in honor of Carl McCall, a former chairman of the State University of New York Board of Trustees.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>From north to south the building consisted of at least six sections. When first built the building had an undecorated warehouse directly behind the old Federal Building built of reinforced concrete. South of where the warehouse stood begins the current structure, beginning with a square tower with four corner turrets. A 5-story tall "arm" diagonally connects the north tower with the 13-story tall central tower. Those sections were built first, in 1914-5. The building was too small for all the D&H employees and so another "arm" was built south of the tower terminating at another square tower with corner turrets to house the offices of the Albany Evening Journal. When finally finished in 1918 the building was 660 ft long. Today, without the warehouse, the Plaza is 630 ft long and 48 ft wide. The Plaza has approximately 200,000 ft&sup2; of office space, with the former Federal Building providing an additional 90,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Though the building is in the Gothic Revival and / or Collegiate Gothic styles of architecture in stone and masonry, the original railroad company headquarters building sports several touches that tie the building into the Dutch colonial heritage of  and the early colony of New Netherlands along the Hudson River Valley in the 17th century. The central tower sports an 8 ft weathervane that is in the shape of explorer Henry Hudsons ship, the Half Moon while the gables of the entire building bear the shields and coat-of-arms of prominent colonial Dutch families including that of Albanys first mayor, Pieter Schuyler. Other non-gothic elements include the names and dates of prominent printers on the portion / wing of the building used by the former major daily newspaper, the Albany Evening Journal, including William Caxton (1487), the father of English printing.</p><br>
<p>The building serves as the scenic / picturesque terminating vista at the end of State Street in the Downtown Albany Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Spalding Building, formerly the Oregon Bank Building, is a historic office building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States on the northwest corner of SW 3rd Avenue and Washington streets. Since 1982, it has been on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Architect Cass Gilbert worked on the American Renaissance-style Spalding building while also working on the Woolworth Building in New York City. Completed in 1911, it was considered a skyscraper.</p><br>
<p>The 103,824 ft&sup2; building contains 12 above-ground floors, and its construction mimics a classical column: A base, a shaft, and a capital.</p><br>
<p>In spring 2016, Squarespace, a website-design company based in New York City, moved its Portland office to the Spalding Building, in newly renovated space used by around 150 employees.</p><br>
<p>Sudbrook Park is a historic neighborhood near Pikesville, Maryland located just northwest of the Baltimore City limits in Baltimore County.</p><br>
<p>The community dates to 1889 when it was designed by American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr. (1822&ndash;1903) and developed by the Sudbrook Company. Known most for designing well-known urban projects like Central Park in New York City, Olmsted conceived this "suburban village" with curved roads and open green spaces, traits that set the community apart from its contemporaries. Two homes in the district were designed by architect George Archer in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Sudbrook Park was registered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and from 1993 to 1999 portions of Sudbrook Park became listed as Baltimore County Historic Districts.</p><br>
<p>Today, the community continues to uphold Olmsted&#39;s vision through community association regulations. It is a tight-knit community and holds several annual events and neighborhood activities.</p><br>
<h2>One-lane bridge</h2><br>
<p>One of Sudbrook Parks unique features is the one-lane bridge that crosses over Western Maryland Railway. Constructed in 1889, the bridge stood for more than a century with a wooden platform. In 2005, the bridge closed for reconstruction. It reopened about a year later with an asphalt pavement, retaining its one-lane status in order to preserve the communitys historic charm.</p><br>
<p>The Clarksville Historic District in Austin, Texas, is an area located west of downtown Austin near Lady Bird Lake and just northeast of the intersection of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and West Tenth Street. Many historic homes and structures are located within the Clarksville Historic District. While Clarksville is geographically part of the Old West Austin Historic District, it is distinct from the two historic neighborhoods of Old Enfield, which lies immediately to the north on the eastern side of Texas State Highway Loop 1 , and Tarrytown, which is situated to the west and northwest on the western side of Mopac.</p><br>
<p>Founded by freedman Charles Clark in 1871, Clarksville is the oldest surviving freedman&#39;s town ‒ the original post-Civil War settlements founded by former African-American slaves ‒ west of the Mississippi River. The historic district was inducted into the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 in recognition of its unique and valuable history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was originally part of a 365 acre tract of land belonging to Texas Governor Elisha Pease, and in 1871 was sold to Charles Clark, a freedman who would start the community that now bears his name. Clark built a house on what is now West Tenth Street and subdivided the remainder of the land to other freedmen. Just a mile west of Austin, Clarksville soon became a de facto part of the city, especially when the International-Great Northern Railroad laid tracks nearby in the 1870s. The Sweet Home Baptist Church, a cornerstone of the community to this day, was founded prior to 1882, and a school existed as early as the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>At least six communities of emancipated slaves existed around Austin, including Wheatville (founded by James Wheat and home to celebrated Austin black leader Reverend Jacob Fontaine), Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville.</p><br>
<p>However, early in the twentieth century developers began to realize the land value of Clarksville, which lay near growing downtown Austin. Austin city policy aimed to concentrate the local black population in the east, and pressured black communities in west Austin, such as Clarksville and Wheatville, to move. In 1918 the Austin school board closed the Clarksville school. Clarksville residents were later forced to use city services in east Austin or none at all. The 1928 Austin city plan embraced Jim Crow and recommended "that all the facilities and conveniences be provided the Negroes in this district, as an incentive to draw the Negro population to this area." Most Clarksville residents endured the lack of services, however, and refused to move. In 1968 Clarksville residents unsuccessfully protested a state and local plan to build a highway along the Missouri Pacific Railroad, which extended along the western boundary of Clarksville. The completed Mopac Expressway sliced through the community, forcing 33 families to leave.</p><br>
<p>Despite pressure to move to segregated east Austin, Clarksville retained its African-American identity throughout the 20th century. Residents of Clarksville began requesting Austin city funds for the improvement and preservation in 1964, but dirt streets crossed the area until 1975, and a creek carrying sewage periodically flooded homes. However, in 1975 the Texas Historical Commission designated a two-block-wide strip of Clarksville as a historic district, and the city paved the streets with asphalt. In 1976 the Austin City Council approved the use of $100,000 from a federal housing and community-development grant to pave streets permanently, improve drainage, and expand the neighborhood playground. Another $100,000 was designated for housing rehabilitation. The same year Clarksville residents and supporters defeated a plan to build a thoroughfare through the community connecting Interstate 35 and the MoPac Expressway. Later in the 1970s, as rising land values drove lower-income residents out of the area, the Clarksville Community Development Corporation was established to provide low-income options to preserve the community&#39;s character. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Clarksville today</h2><br>
<p>Many European immigrants settled in Clarksville throughout the early 1900s, building a community still felt today. Anthony Colanetta settled in Clarksville and opened Anthony&#39;s Laundry & Cleaners at the corner of West 12th Street and West Lynn in 1950. Colanetta also built a drugstore that he leased to his friend Hylton Nau. The Nau Enfield Drugstore soda fountain eventually closed in 2023. In 1979 Craig Weller and Mark Skiles opened Clarksville Natural Grocery, and a year later they joined forces with John Mackey to open the first Whole Foods, then called Clarksville Natural Grocery.</p><br>
<p>The Rondout–West Strand Historic District is located on the shore of Rondout Creek along the southern boundary of the city of Kingston, New York, United States. Formerly Rondout, New York, it is bounded by the creek, Broadway, Hone, Ravine and McEntee streets, an area of 570 acres  containing 259 buildings, most dating to the 19th century. US 9W and the John T. Loughran Bridge are immediately to the east; the Kingston-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge crosses the creek to the west. The neighborhood is often referred to locally by either of the two names.</p><br>
<p>The name of the Rondout Creek comes from the fort, or redoubt, that was erected near its mouth The Dutch equivalent of the English word redoubt (meaning a fort or stronghold), is reduyt.</p><br>
<p>In the Dutch records of Wildwyck, however, the spelling used to designate this same fort is invariably Ronduyt during the earliest period, with the present form rondout (often capitalized) appearing as early as November 22, 1666. Because the spelling of the word was unusual and implied a proper name, the translators, Oppenheim and Versteeg, preserved the original form in their translations instead of giving the English equivalent, as O´Callaghan and Fernow had done.</p><br>
<p>The Dutch word ronduyt is an adjective meaning "frankly" or "positively." The word could also be broken down into its components and translated, literally, "round-out." However, it seems unlikely that the inhabitants of Esopus had any special meaning in mind when they corrupted the Dutch word reduyt into ronduyt and rondout. Most likely, this corrupting process merely represented the simplification of a word (reduyt).</p><br>
<p>The Strand (original pronunciation, in Dutch: "strunt"). Strand means, in Dutch, a shore or beach. The street running along the north shore of the Rondout Creek near its mouth has always been called "The Strand," or, more recently, "Strand Street" (East and West).</p><br>
<p>A short, easily navigable distance up the creek from the Hudson River, the area, originally known as Kingston Landing, had always been an ideal location for a harbor. But it was not until the establishment of the Delaware and Hudson Canal in 1828 made it a key junction for coal being shipped from Northeast Pennsylvania and bluestone being quarried from the nearby Catskill Mountains that it was able to fully take advantage of that situation. Rondout was the eastern terminus of the Rondout and Oswego Railroad (later absorbed into the Ulster and Delaware Railroad), built in the latter 1860s, which took rail cars straight to Rondout Creek.</p><br>
<p>It grew so rapidly that it incorporated as the Village of Rondout in 1849.</p><br>
<p>The industrial base established was such that the neighborhood remained prosperous long after the closing of the canal. But by the 1960s it had, like similar areas in many other American cities, fallen into decay, and it was only when urban renewal and the construction of the bridge led to the demolition of part of the neighborhood that efforts to preserve the remainder were seriously undertaken.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979; the city has recognized it in its ordinances as well. Today, the area is still an active waterfront, although it primarily sees recreational traffic. Many small boutiques and restaurants have opened in the old buildings along the streets; it has become a popular destination for visitors both by land and water. It is located adjacent to the West Strand Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton Building is a historic office building in downtown Portland, Oregon. It went through a renovation in 1977, and was listed on National Register of Historic Places in March of that year. It is the neighbor of the Dekum Building, a fellow NRHP listing on Third Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The building, completed in 1893, is an anomaly among its contemporaries. While many buildings built during the late 19th century were often ornate, the Hamilton building has little decoration. It is said that architects Whidden & Lewis designed a ground-breaking building, built decades ahead of later (and similar) trends in commercial architecture. Decoration comes in the form of granite-clad cast iron entry columns and cable mouldings, set against a Japanese-brick facade.</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton Building is 6 stories tall, and is named after Hamilton Corbett, son of Henry W. Corbett. It is also the first building in Portland designed in the Classical Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Building is a historic office building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 5, 1992.</p><br>
<p>This building was the second of three similarly-Italianate buildings built in Portland by prolific local architect A.E. Doyles firm. The projects primary designer, Charles K. Greene, worked on the trio of Italianate Doyle-commissioned buildings in Portland: the smaller Bank of California Building (also completed in 1924), the Pacific Building, and the Public Service Building (a skyscraper completed in 1928). A young Pietro Belluschi started his career with A.E. Doyle working on this building, and later in it. Upon its opening in 1926, Doyle moved his firm&#39;s headquarters into the Pacific Building.</p><br>
<p>The lobby of the 10-story building was designed by Belluschi, and connected to Portland&#39;s first underground parking garage. The connection to the parking garage was lost in 2000 when the former bus station to the south (which sat on top of the garage) was torn down and replaced by an annex to the nearby Hilton Hotel. Architecturally, the Pacific Building appears to combine the Chicago School with Italian Renaissance architecture. The red tile roof and dormers combine with geometric windows that are almost flush with the facade to achieve this effect.</p><br>
<p>The lot upon which the Pacific Building stands is across Yamhill Street from Pioneer Courthouse, in the heart of downtown Portland. The entire lot once was the grounds of the Henry Corbett mansion (built 1875), which remained until construction began on the Pacific Building. Corbett&#39;s widow kept a cow on the grounds at one time while a major city grew around it. This juxtapositioning of the old and new earned the lot a nickname: "The Million Dollar Cowpasture".</p><br>
<p>The American Brewery, located in the Broadway East, Baltimore community, is an historic former brewery located at 1701 North Gay Street in northeast Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Formerly abandoned and left to decay for four decades, renovations started in 2007, with completion in 2009. It is currently the headquarters of Humanim Inc., a regional social services agency.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1887 by John Frederick Wiessner, a German immigrant, for his Weissner Brewing Company, the Northeast Baltimore brewery was one of the largest breweries in the state of Maryland. At its peak, the brewery employed 61 workers: 16 in brewery work, 17 drivers, 14 in the bottling house, 8 garage men, and 6 office workers. The central tower of the building housed a 10,000-bushel grain elevator. Prohibition forced the shutdown of the facility in 1920. In 1931 the Wiessner family sold the brewery to the American Malt Company, which modernized the interior equipment and operated the brewery until 1973. The building was listed that year in the National Registry of Historic Sites.</p><br>
<p>Struever Bros. Eccles and Rouse, Inc. obtained site control of the building from The City of Baltimore, and working with Gotham Development LLC, enlisted Humanim, Inc., a Columbia, Maryland, nonprofit organization to become the buildings new owner. Humanim, Inc. in conjunction with Struever Bros. Eccles and Rouse, Inc. and Gotham Development LLC secured $22.5 million for the building renovations. The American Brewery is situated in the center of one of East Baltimores most blighted neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>Struever Bros. Eccles & Rouse, Inc., Humanim Inc., and Gotham Development LLC redeveloped the Brewhouse building into a social and human services center and a new Baltimore headquarters for Humanim Inc. Struever Bros. Eccles & Rouse, Inc. acted as the Construction Manager for the renovations.</p><br>
<p>The Brewhouse building, a 30,000 ft&sup2; building that once served as the main brewing facility, was transformed into Humanim&#39;s Baltimore headquarters. Humanim is a 50-year-old Maryland-based social and human services provider that has delivered programs and services in East Baltimore for the last 35 years. The adjacent Bottle Building, a 60,000 ft&sup2; c. 1937 industrial building, still awaits future redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>The once-vibrant neighborhood around the brewery building has long been in decline and was largely forgotten by politicians and the media during the latter half of the 20th century. About half of the homes and other buildings in the area have been demolished or are vacant. Basic services such as grocery stores and restaurants have disappeared as well. In 2006, the City of Baltimore moved to acquire 200 abandoned properties in the area for future demolition or rehabilitation.</p><br>
<p>The rehabilitation of the American Brewery has served as an impetus for further investment in the East Baltimore neighborhood. Due to its central location in a struggling neighborhood, interior space, and architectural quality, the brewery is seen by urban planners as an anchor for future community and economic development initiatives in the area. It is hoped that new employment and social services will attract additional investors, improving the quality of life for current and future residents.</p><br>
<p>The Peter G. Van Winkle House was a historic home located in the Julia-Ann Square Historic District in Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. It was built between about 1880 and 1899, and was a two-story duplex in the Queen Anne style. It featured a deck hipped roof with intersecting gables, turrets, and dormers. It was built on property once owned by former United States Senator Peter G. Van Winkle, who died in 1872.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was demolished in 1994. The nearby Van Winkle-Wix House remains extant.</p><br>
<p>The Julia-Ann Square Historic District, is a national historic district located at Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. It is to the west of the Avery Street Historic District. It encompasses all houses on Ann and Juliana Streets from Riverview Cemetery to 9th Street. There are 116 contributing buildings and one contributing site. The majority of the houses were constructed between 1875 and 1915.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, with architecture styles being listed as late Victorian architecture and Colonial Revival architecture. Many notable examples of Queen Anne architecture can be seen in the neighborhood as well.</p><br>
<p>Among the notable dwellings is the Van Winkle-Wix House. It was built in 1836 by Peter Van Winkle in what was at the time a portion of western Virginia. The building has undergone many changes since being initially constructed as a two-story residence, with most coming in the years 1875–1899. The third floor and the north wing as well as the turrets and spires were all added through the years. Additionally, the entrance, which originally faced Murdoch Avenue to the west, was reversed to face Ann St, as it currently does.</p><br>
<p>The Peter G. Van Winkle House at 600-602 Juliana Street was demolished in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Officers Row, a part of the Vancouver National Historic Reserve Historic District, is a congregation of 21 of the former homes of USA military officers stationed at the Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington. The oldest of the homes, named the Grant House , dates from 1846, and the last edifice was constructed in 1906. In the 1970s a grassroots campaign to refurbish the dilapidated properties began to appear, and the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. In 1980, the USA Army declared it a surplus, and it was henceforth deeded to the city for one dollar. A $10.9 million rehabilitation effort proceeded in 1987. Today these homes have been fully restored, and now house several commercial and 34 residential rental spaces.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Weinhard Brewery complex, also the Cellar Building and Brewhouse and Henry Weinhard&#39;s City Brewery, is a former brewery in Portland, Oregon. Since 2000, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In that same year, construction began to reuse the property as a multi-block, mixed-use development known as the Brewery Blocks.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The firm of Whidden & Lewis, Portland&#39;s pioneering architects, designed the Brewhouse. The building is designed in a medieval Tuscan style. Completed in 1908, other businesses in the area hired architects to emulate this design theme when building their own warehouses and industrial buildings. At its highest level, the structure has six floors. The structure is actually two buildings that appear as one: The Brewhouse (on the north side of the block), and the Malt and Hop Building (facing Burnside Street).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry Weinhard purchased an existing brewery on this site, the City Brewery, in 1864. He then moved his operations to the then-two block site on West Burnside Street. Business boomed, and between 1865 and 1872 two additional blocks to the north were purchased. As many breweries also owned the saloons that sold their beer at the time, a large business empire owning properties throughout the Northwest, from San Francisco to Canada was run from here. Weinhard&#39;s brewing business continued to expand to the point where he even offered to pipe beer directly to the Skidmore Fountain. This offer was declined by civic leaders. By 1890, the brewery produced 100,000 barrels of beer annually.</p><br>
<p>The present buildings were completed in 1908 in order to meet the expanding brewing needs of the Henry Weinhard brewing empire, now serving the Pacific Northwest and even the Philippines and China. Once Prohibition was enacted, the brewery managed to survive by brewing near-beer (a brew of less than 0.5 percent alcohol), syrups and sodas – such as root beer, becoming a local bottler of national brands. Vanilla cream and other syrup products were marketed as "Gourmet Elixirs".</p><br>
<p>Mergers with and sales to other breweries occurred over the years. A merger with competitor Portland Brewing brought the Blitz name into the formal name of the brewery. Arnold Blitz, who had owned Portland Brewing, became Chairman of the new Blitz-Weinhard company. The new company took 20 years to modernize the brewery and recover from Prohibition, which ended in 1933.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Blitz-Weinhard was sold to the Pabst Brewing Company, which sold it to Stroh Brewing Company in 1996. The last and final sale of the company in 1999 had major effects on the brewery building. Strohs sold the Henry Weinhards brand to Miller Brewing Company, which moved all Henry&#39;s brewing operations to the Olympia Brewery in Tumwater, Washington. After nearly 135 years of continual operations, the Weinhard Brewery brewed its last beer on August 27, 1999, and was put up for sale the following month.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>In early 2000, local developers Gerdling-Edlen purchased the entire brewing complex, which consisted of five blocks by the end of brewing operations. GBD proceeded to develop a mixed-use area consisting of offices, retail, and condo towers known as the Brewery Blocks. As part of the project, historic buildings were to be preserved and integrated into the new development. The brewhouses historical importance was recognized with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places, along with the A.B. Smith Buildings art deco facade, in August 2000, a year after brewing had ceased.</p><br>
<p>The renovated Brewhouse was completed in November 2002, after two years of extensive renovations. The west side of the Brewhouses low as developed into Brewery Tower, an office building. The upper floors of the historic buildings are office space, and the first floors contain retail. Henrys 12th Street Tavern, opened in 2004 in the Brewhouse building, continued the buildings historical connection to beer, until the taverns closure in 2019. The building was awarded an LEED certification.</p><br>
<p>The Flatiron Building, also known as Ringlers Annex and Espresso Bar is a historic two-story building in downtown Portland, Oregon. Since 1989, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Previously, it had been designated a Portland Landmark by the city&#39;s Historic Landmarks Commission in 1988. This small building has a triangular footprint, as it sits at the end of a triangular lot bounded by West Burnside, SW Stark, and 12th Streets.</p><br>
<p>From its inception, the building&#39;s size has played part in how it has been promoted. When opened, it was said to be the "smallest commercial building on the West Coast". Over its lifespan, the building hosted a catering kitchen and a talk radio station. The current occupant, a McMenamins pub, calls it "a tiny window on the world of bustling West Burnside, complete with a fishbowl-like main floor and a mezzanine tailor-made to observe the city in motion".</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Rhinebeck, New York serves the 12572 ZIP Code. It is located on Mill Street  just south of the intersection with NY 308 at the center of the village.</p><br>
<p>It is a stone Colonial Revival structure built in 1940, during the New Deal. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a native of nearby Hyde Park, took a personal interest in its design, as he did with other post offices in Dutchess County built during his administration. He chose a ruined historic house, whose stones were used in the post office, as its model, and spoke at its dedication. In 1989 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Rhinebeck Village Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is a one-and-a-half-story fieldstone building with a low-sloping jerkin roof shingled in asbestos treated to look like wood. It flares out over a porch that runs the length of the eastern (front) elevation. Two large brick chimneys rise from the ends, both next to a small dormer window on the north and south faces.</p><br>
<p>The porch is wooden, supported by square piers, with a bluestone floor. At either end of the facade are the large cornerstones, also of bluestone. One is a standard datestone giving the names of the participants in the ceremony; the other says that the building is a replica of the 1700 Beekman House and that stones from the ruins of that house were used to build the post office. The main entrance, a simulated Dutch door, is within a wooden vestibule.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the lobby stretches across the front of the building. It is floored in random-width pegged oak. Pine wainscoting rises to a ceiling with hand-hewn exposed beams. Two display cases contain other remnants of the Beekman House. Above the wainscot are murals depicting scenes from local history, including the post offices groundbreaking ceremony. Two original oak counters remain. The postmasters office to the north is paneled.</p><br>
<p>A long wing projects to the west, where the parking lot, accessed from nearby West Market Street, is located. Two original cast iron lamps are located along the sidewalk leading to the entrance from Mill Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Even before he became governor of New York State in 1928, Roosevelt had taken a keen interest in reviving the use of fieldstone in the Hudson Valley, the material favored by many early Dutch settlers of the region, including his own ancestors. He had made sure, in the mid-1920s, that Hyde Parks library, built in his fathers memory, used stone. As president he had ensured that new post offices in Beacon and Poughkeepsie used the material. The latter had also emulated an earlier building, Dutchess County&#39;s 1809 courthouse.</p><br>
<p>After Poughkeepsie&#39;s post office was completed and opened, Postmaster General James Farley asked Roosevelt if he wanted to start work on a new post office in Hyde Park, a project he had wanted to undertake. Congress had authorized both post offices in 1937. Since Rhinebeck was a larger community with a more pressing need for a new post office, the president told Farley to give it priority first. The town helped matters along by selling the site of their 1872 town hall to the federal government for $16,000 ($ in contemporary dollars).</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt insisted that the new post office be built in the style of Kipsbergen, or the Beekman House, a nearby home (destroyed by fire in the early 20th century) where some of his ancestors had lived, which features a similarly steep-sloped front roof. There was some opposition to this from local historians since they did not think the style typical of Dutch homes in the region, but eventually it was built as Roosevelt wished.</p><br>
<p>Rudolph Stanley-Brown, a former Treasury Department architect and grandson of President James A. Garfield, then in private practice, handled the details of the design. Many of Kipsbergens stones remained, and these were used in the post offices construction. Ultimately, 90% of the front wall was built of its stones. Local artist Olin Dows, head of the Treasury Relief Art Project, later painted a mural inside of scenes from Rhinebeck&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Both Farley and Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr. were present at the dedication ceremony on May 1, 1939, along with the crown prince and princess of Denmark and Iceland, who were touring the USA at the time. All of them ceremonially laid the first mortar on the cornerstone.</p><br>
<p>The president spoke at length about the building and its design:</p><br>
<p>Three of the six stone post offices in the region whose design Roosevelt oversaw were based on historic buildings no longer extant at the time of their construction. Of those three, Rhinebecks most closely replicates its original, and is the only one with an exhibit inside of some other remnants of that model. Its porch and lobby mimic a typical 18th-century colonial homes finishing. The paneling in the postmaster&#39;s office imitates a parlor of that era.</p><br>
<p>A few changes have been made to the building over time, such as the installation of modern light fixtures in the lobby and aluminum-muntined storm windows, but it has otherwise remained largely intact. In 1989 the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, a contributing property to the existing Rhinebeck Village Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Lewis Army Museum  is a military museum at Joint Base Lewis–McChord in the state of Washington, USA It is housed in the historic former Red Shield Inn, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places  and can be seen prominently from Interstate 5. It is the only certified USA Army museum on the West Coast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1971, the museum was originally housed in a two-story barracks. In July 1973, it was moved to the old Fort Lewis Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>Inside the museum are approximately 10,000 ft&sup2; of interior displays of various collections of uniforms and equipment, including "Soldiers of the Northwest", I Corps, the 9th Infantry Division, the Medical Corps, and "The Army Family". Outside, on 2.5 acre, in the Vehicle Park, are a collection of tanks, jeeps, and other military vehicles, along with weapons, including a Nike-Hercules Missile and an Honest John rocket. The current director is Erik Flint. The museum was reopened in 2012 after a two-year renovation. The museum closed on July 2, 2016, and reopened on August 31, 2017, after renovations of the interior exhibits to include dioramas and interactive features.</p><br>
<h2>Red Shield Inn</h2><br>
<p>The Red Shield Inn is one of two surviving Fort Lewis buildings that date back to the World War I era, when the present Fort Lewis was "Camp Lewis". It is the only remaining structure from a onetime recreational area that was called Greene Park.</p><br>
<p>The building, in Western Stick–style, was built in 1918 by Pratt & Watson Construction Co. of Spokane, Washington, for the Salvation Army, at a cost of $107,000. It was named the Red Shield Inn, based on the Salvation Army symbol. It was 47,966 ft&sup2; in size and had approximately 150 rooms. The Salvation Army sold it to the USA Army on July 21, 1921, for the nominal price of one dollar. It was briefly known as the Camp Lewis Apartments, then the Camp Lewis Inn, and from 1927 the Fort Lewis Inn. In August 1972, after the new Fort Lewis Lodge opened near the Main Post Headquarters, the building was preserved to become the new home for the fort&#39;s museum. The inn officially became the Fort Lewis Military Museum on July 18, 1973. It gained its NRHP listing in February 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Oconaluftee is the valley of the Oconaluftee River in the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. Formerly the site of a Cherokee village and an Appalachian community, the valley is now North Carolina&#39;s main entrance to Great Smoky Mountains National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Oconaluftee gradually broadens from Smokemont in the north to the southern tip of the Qualla Boundary. The Qualla Boundary, commonly referred to as Cherokee, North Carolina, comprises the bulk of a federal trust that serves as a reserve for the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service lands in Oconaluftee are home to the Oconaluftee Visitor Center, Mingus Mill, and the Mountain Farm Museum. Much of the area is part of the Oconaluftee Archaeological District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Near Newfound Gap, several small streams converge to form Beech Flats Prong. This stream flows south along the southern base of Mount Kephart, dropping 2,000 feet (600 m) over 10 mi before merging with Kephart Prong, Kanati Fork, and Smith Branch to form the Oconaluftee River. The Oconaluftee continues southward, cutting a valley between the Richland Mountain massif to the east and the Thomas Ridge massif to west. The confluence of the Oconaluftee River and Bradley Fork at Smokemont strengthens the river considerably.</p><br>
<p>Near the park boundary, a large and relatively flat bottomland has been created by the river&#39;s junction with Raven Fork, which flows down from the northeast. Past Cherokee, the river turns west en route to its mouth along the Tuckasegee River, near Bryson City.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rock formation underlying the area around the Oconaluftee-Raven Fork junction contains some of the oldest exposed rocks in the Eastern United States. This formation, which is composed primarily of an Early Precambrian basement rock known as granite gneiss, was formed over a billion years ago from the gradual accumulation of marine sediment and igneous rocks.</p><br>
<p>The upper elevations of the Oconaluftee Valley are underlain by a Late Precambrian metamorphic rock of the Ocoee Supergroup, which is the dominant rock class in the Great Smokies. These rocks were formed from ocean sediments nearly 400 million years ago, and were thrust upward during the Appalachian orogeny, when the North American and African plates collided.</p><br>
<p>The Greenbrier Fault, which crosses the Oconaluftee River between Tow String Creek and Mingus Creek, divides the basement formation from the Late Precambrian formation. Exposures of both rock formations can be seen along USA Route 441 between Newfound Gap and Cherokee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The Cherokee considered the waters of the Oconaluftee sacred. Dora Woodruff Cope, who lived in the Oconaluftee valley near Smokemont around 1900, recalled a legend her Cherokee neighbors told her:</p><br>
<p>... part of the river was called Yanu-unata wasti&#39;yi, "Where the bears wash." It was a deeper part of the river, where all the animals came to wash and heal their wounds when they had been hurt by hunters. No white person had ever seen this place because evil had blinded us to its existence. The animals knew how to find it, and diving into it meant instant healing.</p><br>
<p>The term "Oconaluftee" comes from the Cherokee village name Egwanulti, which means "by the river." It was recorded by naturalist John Bartram in his journals of 1775. The location of the village was unknown, although early although anthropologist James Mooney believed it to be situated near modern Birdtown, between Cherokee and Bryson City.</p><br>
<p>An archaeological survey and its evidence, however, has identified a Cherokee settlement along the Oconaluftee north of the Qualla Boundary and just inside the present-day national park. While the Cherokee ranged widely over the Smokies, this is the only known permanent Cherokee settlement within the park boundaries. This village was likely destroyed in 1776 by the army of General Griffith Rutherford during the American Revolution.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>John Jacob Mingus, who arrived in the Oconaluftee in the 1790s, was the first Euro-American settler in the valley and the first within the boundaries of what is now the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Mingus purchased the land from Felix Walker, a land speculator and later North Carolina congressman. While Mingus roamed from county to county in the Southern Appalachians, his descendants would remain in the area until the establishment of the park.</p><br>
<p>Mingus was followed by Abraham Enloe, who settled downstream from the Mingus plot. Enloe resembled Abraham Lincoln, and many locals believed he was the president&#39;s father. Later Euro-American arrivals included Isaac Bradley (1772–1855), whose family settled in the vicinity of the stream that now bears their name, and Aden Carver (1844–1945), who lived near Smokemont.</p><br>
<p>In 1831, Enloe entered into a partnership with William Holland Thomas to form the Oconaluftee Turnpike Company. The company widened the Indian Gap Trail from Oconaluftee to the crest of the Smokies, allowing wagon access to saltpeter mines on Mount Le Conte. The road&#39;s first tollkeeper, Robert Collins, would later guide Arnold Guyot on surveying expeditions across the crest of the Smokies. Mount Collins, between Kuwohi and Newfound Gap, is named for him.</p><br>
<p>Thomas, the son of caucasian parents who was adopted by Cherokee peace chief Yonaguska, took control of Cherokee business affairs in the 1830s. His land purchases for the tribe included the Qualla Boundary, which became the backbone of the federal trust for the Eastern Band of the Cherokee. After the 1835 Treaty of New Echota ordered the Cherokees&#39; removal from all eastern lands, Thomas went to Washington and successfully argued that since the Oconaluftee Cherokees were North Carolina citizens, the treaty did not apply to them. In 1868, the Eastern Band was recognized as a separate tribe.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the late 19th-century, innovations in the band saw and logging railroad led to a logging boom in Southern Appalachia. With base camps at Smokemont, the Three M Lumber Company and later the Champion Fibre Company cut much of the Oconaluftee valley before its tract was bought out by the Great Smoky Mountains Park Commission in the 1930s. In 1925, a massive forest fire quickly swept across the dried brush left over from the extensive logging, scorching much of the southern slopes of the Smokies.</p><br>
<p>After the establishment of the national park, a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp was set up at Smokemont for workers to construct roads and trails in the area. In 1937, the CCC restored Mingus Mill, a large turbine-driven gristmill on Mingus Creek. In the 1950s, several log structures were moved to an area adjacent to the Oconaluftee Visitor Center to form the Mountain Farm Museum, which provides an exhibition of pioneer European-American life in Appalachia.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Along with the historic sites in the vicinity of the Oconaluftee Visitor Center, the park service maintains a large campground at the former logging camp of Smokemont. The small mountain hamlet of Tow String is sandwiched between the national park and Qualla Boundary, just above Oconaluftee. The southern terminus of the Blue Ridge Parkway is at the valleys southern tip, near the rivers confluence with Raven Fork.</p><br>
<p>A 20 mi leg of the Mountains-to-Sea Trail connects Oconaluftee with the Appalachian Trail near the summit of Kuwohi. The Bradley Fork Trail follows Bradley Fork north from Smokemont to the Cabin Flats area between Hughes Ridge and Richland Mountain. From here, the Dry Sluice Gap Trail continues north to the crest of the Smokies, emerging near Charlies Bunion.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the Oconaluftee area was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Oconaluftee Archaeological District.</p><br>
<h3>Mingus Mill</h3><br>
<p>Mingus Mill was built in 1886 by the millwright Sion Thomas Early of Sevier County, Tennessee. Early did the work for John Mingus, a son of John Jacob Mingus. Early completed the mill in three months for a cost of $600. The mill operated at wholesale and retail levels until the National Park Service purchased the property in 1934. The mill was restored in 1937, closed during World War II, and reopened in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Water diverted from Mingus Creek via a sluice, and a wooden flume turns two turbines which provide power to the mill. An iron shaft connects the turbines to grindstones on the first floor and a wheat cleaner and bolting chest on the second floor (the latter two via a series of pulleys). Wheat or corn is first transported by bucket belt to the wheat cleaner, which is essentially a fan which clears the grain of dirt and excess material, and then drops it back to the first floor. The cleaned grain is then fed into the grindstones, which break it down into flour (or cornmeal). The flour is then transported back to the second floor and fed into the bolting chest, which uses bolts of progressively coarser cloth to separate the flour into different grades.</p><br>
<p>While the mill&#39;s turbine is not as photogenic as the overshot wheels that power mills such as the Cable Mill at Cades Cove, it was more efficient and required less water power to operate. The turbine generated approximately 11 hp turning at 400 rpm.</p><br>
<p>Aden Carver, who arrived in Oconaluftee in the mid-19th century, helped Early build the mill in 1886. When the mill was restored in 1937, Carver, then in his 90s, aided in its restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Mingus Mill includes new signage stating how the paternal side of jazz artist Charles Mingus&#39; family connects to the area. https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2023/06/03/word-from-the-smokies-uncovering-the-origins-of-mingus-family-saga/70281040007/</p><br>
<h3>Oconaluftee Visitor Center</h3><br>
<p>The original visitor center at Oconaluftee was built in 1940 by the CCC as a ranger station and magistrate&#39;s courtroom. The stone-and-log cabin was designated a "temporary" visitor center in 1947, and stayed that way until 2011, when a new center was built in just two months in late winter and early spring, and dedicated on April 15. The Great Smoky Mountains Association paid three million dollars for the buildings (the other being a highly efficient restroom facility between it and the original center), and Friends of the Smokies donated over half a million more for the exhibits inside. Trotter & Associates Architects, LLC was the architect of record for the new visitor center. No government or taxpayer money was allocated for the project, so construction costs had to come entirely from donations to the two groups, which in turn donated the center to the National Park Service. The center and restrooms are open year-round, and after 64 years of "temporary" use, the original building has finally been reverted to its original administrative use, though its rustic "parkitecture" remains untouched on the outside.</p><br>
<h3>Mountain Farm Museum</h3><br>
<p>Adjacent to the Oconaluftee Visitor Center is the Mountain Farm Museum. The museum is a collection of several log buildings from various places around the park, the purpose of which is to depict a typical mountain farm in pioneer Appalachia. Gardens are planted during the spring and summer, and barn fowl roam the premises. Since most of the structures were not moved from their original locations intact, they are not eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. The park service maintains them by the same standards, however.</p><br>
<p>Structures at the Mountain Farm Museum include:</p><br>
<p>The John Davis Cabin, built in 1900. This cabin was originally located on Indian Creek several miles to the west neaar Bryson City. Davis moved to the area in 1885 to free-range his livestock. The cabin was constructed with chestnut logs joined with dove-tail notches.</p><br>
<p>The Enloe Barn, built around 1880 by Abraham Enloe&#39;s grandson Joseph who owned the land where the museum is now located. The Enloes sold their farm to the Floyd family in 1917. This relatively large barn housed livestock in its lower stalls and grain and fodder in its lofts. This is the only structure that was originally located in Oconaluftee, being moved only 200 yd from its original location. The roof consists of over 16,000 hand-split shingles.</p><br>
<p>The Messer Applehouse, built by Will Messer of Cataloochee, a valley located within the park on the other side of Cataloochee Mountain to the east. At its original location, the applehouse was partially underground to help insulate it from the summer heat and winter cold.</p><br>
<p>A meathouse, located just behind the cabin, was moved to the site from Cataloochee. To cure meat (usually pork) and give it flavor, a small fire was built just inside the meathouse, exposing the meat to several hours of smoke.</p><br>
<p>The Baxter/Jenkins Chickenhouse, built by Willis Baxter in the late 19th century, was originally located at the base of Maddron Bald between Greenbrier and Cosby, Tennessee. Baxter&#39;s cabin is still located at its original site. Chickenhouses were used to protect chickens from carnivorous animals.</p><br>
<p>A blacksmith shop, built around 1900 and moved to the site from Cades Cove.</p><br>
<p>A springhouse, moved from Cataloochee, was used by farmers for refrigeration.</p><br>
<p>Two corn cribs, built around 1900, were moved from Thomas Divide, just north of Bryson City. Corn crib roofs were often raised to place the recently cut corn crop inside. A large pitchfork was used to remove the corn via the small square doors when it was time to take the corn to the mill.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings include a hog pen, a sorghum press and still (used to draw sorghum from cane and boil it into syrup), an ash hopper (water was filtered through the ashes to extract its lye, which was then mixed with hog lard to make soap), a woodshed, and native fencing.</p><br>
<h3>Oconaluftee Indian Village</h3><br>
<p>The Oconaluftee Indian Village is operated by the Cherokee Historical Association on the slopes of Rattlesnake Mountain inside the reserve. The outdoor museum is a replica of a typical Cherokee village from the mid-18th century.</p><br>
<p>Devil&#39;s Head Lookout is a USA Forest Service fire lookout tower at the summit of Devils Head in Douglas County, Colorado. Located on a large pinnacle of Pikes Peak granite, the fire lookout point lies within the Pike National Forest and is accessed by hiking the Devils Head National Recreation Trail.</p><br>
<p>The station was first established in 1912, with the original tower built in 1919. In the summer of 1951, the old tower was dismantled and current structure was built. In 1991, Devil&#39;s Head Lookout was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Sitting at the highest point of Rampart Range, the fire lookout is the last remaining such structure to be in service along the Front Range of Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The view from the current structure extends at least 100 miles in every direction on clear days.</p><br>
<p>The lookout (elev. 9748 feet, or 2971 m) can be accessed via easy/moderate trail (2.8 miles, or 4.5 km round trip) with elevation gain of 951 feet, or 290 m. The last stretch is a climb on 143 stairs. The access is from Rampart Range Road, a 14.5-km dirt road (easily accessible by passenger cars) from CO67. Note that the road to the trailhead is always closed to vehicles during the winter and typically does not open until April or May.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Alder, is an historic five-story building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. In 2004, it was named to the National Register of Historic Places. It has also been known as the Hotel President, the Jack London Hotel, and Century Plaza. The ground floor is occupied by the popular Rialto Poolroom Bar and Cafe and an off-track betting parlor which was sold to new owners in December 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Alder was originally built by the Southern Pacific Railroad as a terminus hotel and was popular with traveling businessmen. Over the years, the hotel declined, eventually turning into low-priced single-room occupancy (SRO) hotel. In 1974, Art McFadden purchased the building. In 2004, McFadden sold the three residential floors to the Portland Development Commission (PDC). The PDC then sold the space to the Central City Concern (CCC), a local non-profit agency devoted to assisting the homeless get back on their feet. CCC began rehabilitating the building to provide for 99 low-income housing units.</p><br>
<p>The renovation, carried out by SERA Architects, required the entire building to be closed, including the Rialto. It was fully renovated to historic standards. On September 7, 2005, a ceremony marked the grand re-opening of the Hotel Alder, the premier of a documentary filmed inside, and the building&#39;s inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In January 2017, a multi-story fire caused the temporary displacement of around 80 residents.</p><br>
<h2>Documentary</h2><br>
<p>Century Plaza is the name of a documentary film about life in the Hotel Alder during its time as an SRO. The films name is taken from the Hotels official name during the time it operated as an SRO Hotel. Filmmaker Eric Lahey lived in the Hotel Alder for seven months to get a feel for the lives of the occupants at the time.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Hyde Park, New York, serves the 12538 ZIP Code. It is a stone building in the Dutch Colonial Revival architectural style, located on East Market Street  just east of US 9.</p><br>
<p>It is a stone building modeled on an early house in the region. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a native of Hyde Park, took a personal interest in the construction of the new building during the New Deal. A series of murals inside depict major events in local history. In 1988 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is located in the center of Hyde Park, on a corner lot at the intersection. Hyde Park Reformed Dutch Church is to the north; St. James Chapel is across East Market to the southeast. A decorative stone wellhead sits to the west, near the actual corner.</p><br>
<p>Its front facade, four bays wide, faces south. The two-story main block is faced in fieldstone in a random ashlar pattern. Windows have louvered shutters It is topped with a hipped roof with boxed wooden cornice and plain modillions. The main entrance, in the western bay, has a small pedimented wooden porch with square piers.</p><br>
<p>Two -story wings, on the east and west, have gabled roofs with clapboard siding in the gable ends. The cornices are shallower. The west wing has an entrance with paneled reveal and transom light. A larger, later wing extends from the north, of brick in common bond with a gambrel roof and cornice echoing the main roof. It ends in a loading platform.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the lobby has a flagstone floor and wainscoting. Around the upper wall on three sides are murals of Hyde Park&#39;s history. Much of the woodworking and finishes are original. A small display case holds the trowel used by Roosevelt at the groundbreaking ceremony.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The post office as an institution is of local historic importance. Hyde Park takes its name from its first post office, located in the Hyde Park Inn. The settlement&#39;s name was originally Stoutenburgh, but the new name took on wide use and eventually became official in 1812. Nine years later the town was separately organized under that name.</p><br>
<p>A century and a half later, Franklin D. Roosevelt took it upon himself as president to promote the use of the Dutch Colonial Revival style, and fieldstone, for new institutional buildings in his native Hudson Valley. He had personally made sure that new post offices in Poughkeepsie and later Rhinebeck, to the south and north, were built that way. Postmaster General James Farley asked him if he wanted to address Hyde Parks needs next, but the president told him to get Rhinebecks post office built first since it had the greater need.</p><br>
<p>In his speech at the 1939 groundbreaking for the Rhinebeck post office, he jokingly warned Farley and Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr. that they would not keep their jobs unless they made sure that there would be federal money available to build a new post office in Hyde Park. Rudolph Stanley-Mills, a former Treasury architect by then in private practice, was chosen to design a building for Roosevelt&#39;s ultimate approval, due to his successful work on Rhinebeck, Wappingers Falls and other stone post offices in the region.</p><br>
<p>The Hyde Park site was chosen and purchased in April 1940 for a cost of $15,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). Three houses were removed and demolished to clear a site for the new building. The President personally chose the 1772 clapboard house built (but by then demolished) for early settler John Bard as the model for the structure; the President insisted on stone even though Bard&#39;s house had been frame.</p><br>
<p>The brick rear wing was added in 1963 and some modern light fixtures have been installed; other than that the building is as it was when opened.</p><br>
<h2>Public art</h2><br>
<p>Local artist Olin Dows painted murals in the lobby depicting Hyde Parks history, from Henry Hudsons Halve Maen docking in the nearby Hudson River during his 1609 voyage, to Britain&#39;s King George VI visiting Roosevelt at his house the year before. He had previously painted similar scenes in the Rhinebeck post office.</p><br>
<p>Public art in the building caused a local controversy in 2001. The postmaster had instituted a local "Artist of the Month" program which, in October of that year, featured Fatgirl, a painting of the clothed torso and midsection of an obese woman by Audrey Martin. After the post office received several verbal complaints, and one written, it was removed from the building. Protests of censorship from the local arts community drew nationwide sympathy and support, but the Postal Service defended its decision on the grounds that it is not an art gallery, and ended the program.</p><br>
<p>Fort Rosalie was built by the French in 1716 within the territory of the Natchez Native Americans as part of the French colonial empire in the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>As part of the peace terms that ended the First Natchez War in 1716, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville required the Natchez to build a fort by providing materials and labor. Sited close to the main Natchez settlement of Grand Village, Fort Rosalie served as the primary French stronghold and trading post among the Natchez.</p><br>
<p>French settlements and tobacco plantations were established in Natchez territory, with the fort serving as the local seat of colonial government. Growing tension between the French and the Natchez erupted into violence several times during the 1720s, culminating in a massive Natchez attack on November 29, 1729. They destroyed the entire French settlement, killing nearly all the men and taking hundreds of women and children captive. The Natchez seized and occupied Fort Rosalie.</p><br>
<p>Retaliation by the French and allied Choctaw forces in early 1730 forced the Natchez to evacuate, leaving the fort in ruins. Through 1731, the French, with their more numerous Indian allies, continued to war with the Natchez until 1731, killing, capturing or dispersing most of the Natchez until they ceased to exist as a tribe. The French sold many of the surviving Natchez into slavery, many destined for French plantations in the Caribbean. Some escaped and found refuge among the Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee of the region. The French rebuilt Fort Rosalie in the early 1730s.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Panmure</h2><br>
<p>Following the Treaty of Paris in 1763 after the British won the Seven Years&#39; War, the French ceded the fort and part of present-day Louisiana to British control (with New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi River going to Spain). The British renamed the fort Fort Panmure. The British fort was named after William Maule who was the Earl of Panmure.</p><br>
<h3>Capture of Fort Panmure</h3><br>
<p>The British controlled the fort for 16 years—from that cession (1763) until the Spanish campaign under Galvez in 1779. After Bernardo de Galvez conquered Baton Rouge (1779), Fort Panmure capitulated without further Spanish action. Spanish military intervention was only required in 1781 to put down a rebellion by local settlers loyal to Britain. Galvez was the Governor of Spanish Luisiana and Commander of the troops of the Catholic Majesty. During the American Revolutionary War, Spain declared war against Great Britain and held control of the fort from 1779 to 1798. After 1798, the United States took over, establishing the Mississippi Territory with Natchez as its first territorial capital.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The USA abandoned the fort in 1804. The city of Natchez traces its origin to the founding of Fort Rosalie in 1716. Today the site of the fort is part of Natchez National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>Fort Blue Mounds, also known as Blue Mounds Fort, was located in Blue Mounds, Dane County, Wisconsin, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The settlement of Blue Mounds was founded in 1828 by Ebenezer Brigham on the south slope of the eastern mound of the Blue Mounds. In 1832, when word arrived that Chief Black Hawk and his 1200 Sauk followers had crossed the Mississippi River, it was decided to build a fort to protect the settlers.</p><br>
<p>On May 10, 1832, the construction of Fort Blue Mounds began with the help of the residents of Blue Mounds, led by the newly promoted Colonel Ebenezer Brigham. The fort was built a mile south of Eastern Mound on the highest part of the open prairie, allowing for a commanding view of the open country for miles. Those who defended the fort were able to see to the east, south, and west, with the mound bounding the northern side of the fort.</p><br>
<p>Word quickly arrived at the settlement of an engagement between Black Hawks group and the Illinois militia on May 14, 1832. In what was to be called the Battle of Stillmans Run, the Illinois militia were defeated by the Indians. This, along with the closeness of the Ho-Chunk tribe, brought fear to the settlers, and they worked quickly to complete the fort in about two weeks.</p><br>
<p>From May 20 to September 20, 1832, the settlers and miners joined General Henry Dodge&#39;s Michigan Territory Militia during the Black Hawk War.</p><br>
<p>James Aubrey was the first commander at the fort, but after he was killed by the Indians on June 6, his first lieutenant, Edward Beouchard, took command. He didn&#39;t command long before Captain John Sherman succeeded him.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The site of the original fort was owned by Colonel Brigham&#39;s descendants until it was donated to the Wisconsin Historical Society, who dedicated it as a state historical site on September 5, 1921.</p><br>
<p>Through excavation, it was found that the layout of the fort was very similar to one at Apple River in Illinois. The fort was surrounded by a picket fence about 150 ft in length on each side. Its wall was made from oak trees that were about 16 or 17 ft in height, with 3 ft of trunk planted in the ground. At two of the corners of the fort were 20 ft square blockhouses. Inside the wall was a log building in the center that was 30 by 20 ft that was used as a store-house and barracks.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>On May 22, 2010, the Blue Mounds Fort marker was rededicated following a three-year fundraising effort by the Blue Mounds Area Historical Society. The marker, which was cleaned up and re-mounted on a chert boulder donated by Blue Mound State Park, sits on the site of the Fort, although it is not currently accessible by the public.</p><br>
<p>The Tenney Fire Hall was a historic fire station in Tenney, Minnesota, United States, built in 1904, but which burned down in 2010. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having local significance in the theme of politics/government. It was nominated as an example of the municipal services offered by small villages such as Tenney, which measured only two square blocks. In 2011 the village, which had dwindled to three residents, voted 2–1 to dissolve as a separate municipality and become part of Campbell Township.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Tenney Fire Hall was a 24 x wood frame building with sheet metal siding stamped with a brick pattern. The building was characterized by an oversized bell tower with a pyramidal roof and louvered windows. The fire hall originally stood as a sort of miniature version of the similarly-shaped but much larger town hall adjacent.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fire Hall was built in 1904 to house the town&#39;s two hand-drawn fire pumpers. The engines were used in conjunction with a large curbed well with a double stroked pump, an arrangement which was not abandoned until 1924. In 1918 the town jail was moved and added on to the rear of the fire hall, making room for a larger fire pumper.</p><br>
<p>The building was used for many years as a meeting house, a polling station, and of course as a fire hall and jail. During the 1990s the private owner had hoped to preserve the fire hall and to make it a viable attraction, but his efforts were hamstrung by the state and federal regulations governing the type of actions that can be taken with regard to moving or refurbishing properties on the National Register. In the summer of 2008 an anonymous vandal crashed a vehicle into the fire hall, badly damaging the northwestern corner of the building. In 2010 the fire hall was burned to the ground.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the fire hall&#39;s original bell was installed in the offices of Bushel, an agriculture supply chain software company, in downtown Fargo, North Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The John H. Addams Homestead, also known as the Jane Addams Birthplace, is located in the Stephenson County village of Cedarville, Illinois, United States. The homestead property, a 5.5 acre site, includes an 1840s era Federal style house, a Pennsylvania-style barn, and the remains of John H. Addams&#39; mill complex. The house was built in two portions, in 1846 and 1854 by Addams; he added some minor additions during the 1870s. Other major alterations took place during a 1950s modernization of the home. The homestead has been noted for its significance to industry and politics. On September 6, 1860, future Nobel Peace Prize recipient Jane Addams was born in the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 5.5 acre John H. Addams Homestead includes the house, a Pennsylvania-style bank barn, and the remains of the Addams Grist Mill. After arriving in Stephenson County in 1845, Addams purchased the Cedar Creek Mills from Van Valzah, who had owned the mill since 1837. John H. Addams built the brick, federal-style house in two portions beginning in 1846. The smaller, northern part of the house was built in 1846, and in 1854 he added the larger southern portion of the house and its central entrance. Addams completed further alteration during the 1870s when he added a chimney and bay to the southern portion of the house, and a porch over the central front entrance.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, after the home was purchased by Thomas Ennenga, the front porch was removed and a gable-style dormer was placed into the roof as part of extensive modernizations done to the home. The rear porch was also replaced at that time.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The homestead also includes a Pennsylvania-style banked barn and the remains of Addams mill. The barn is three and a half stories tall with dimensions of 60 ft by 40 ft. It lies east of the house, and, like all banked barns, is built into a slope. The ramp leads into the south side of the barn, and the threshing floor; on the buildings north side is a cantilevered forebay. Instead of windows the barn has louvered vents. The whole building rests upon a limestone foundation.</p><br>
<p>Most of Addams grist mill has long since disappeared but there are some remains on the homestead site. Along Cedar Creek are the remains of the mills limestone foundation, the dam, and the mill race. The mill pond has dried up and is now a grassy area. The original mill stood four stories tall.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>John H. Addams was a prominent business leader and citizen in early Stephenson County. Besides his grist, saw and linseed mill, which became one of the largest in northern Illinois, Addams held positions in banks, railroad companies and was a founder of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company in 1867. He was active in politics much of his life and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention multiple times as well as serving an Illinois State Senator. His daughter, Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Addams, was born in the house on September 6, 1860.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s the Illinois Historic Sites Survey noted the house for its significance as Jane Addams&#39; birthplace.</p><br>
<p>The USA National Register of Historic Places noted the house for its significance to industry and politics/government, and added it to its listings on April 17, 1979.</p><br>
